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Overview of the Reproductive System01:31

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The reproductive system generates offspring, ensuring the survival of the species. In humans, the reproductive system is complex and involves a variety of organs and hormones that work together to ensure successful reproduction.
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Buffers play a crucial role in stabilizing the pH of a solution by mitigating the effects of small amounts of added acid or base. They consist of a weak acid and its conjugate base or a weak base and its conjugate acid. A solution of acetic acid and sodium acetate is an example of a buffer that consists of a weak acid and its salt: CH3COOH (aq) + CH3COONa (aq). An example of a buffer that consists of a weak base and its salt is a solution of ammonia and ammonium chloride: NH3 (aq) + NH4Cl (aq).
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Bioavailability refers to the proportion of an unaltered drug that, after administration, enters the systemic circulation and can be distributed to the desired action site. Factors such as gastrointestinal (GI) absorption and liver biotransformation influence the bioavailability of a drug when it is administered orally. When a drug is administered intravenously, it enters the systemic circulation directly; by definition, its bioavailability is assumed to be 100%. The bioavailability of an...
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Uncertainty: Overview00:59

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In analytical chemistry, we often perform repetitive measurements to detect and minimize inaccuracies caused by both determinate and indeterminate errors. Despite the cares we take, the presence of random errors means that repeated measurements almost never have exactly the same magnitude. The collective difference between these measurements - observed values - and the estimated or expected value is called uncertainty. Uncertainty is conventionally written after the estimated or expected value.
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Author Spotlight: Balancing Speed, Cost, and Accuracy in Neutrophil Function Assessment with NeutroFun Screen Protocol
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Giardiasis: An Overview.

Alexander K C Leung1, Amy A M Leung2, Alex H C Wong3

  • 1Department of Pediatrics, The University of Calgary, Alberta Children's Hospital, Calgary, Alberta, Canada.

Recent Patents on Inflammation & Allergy Drug Discovery
|June 19, 2019
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Giardiasis, a common diarrheal illness, is caused by Giardia lamblia and spread via contaminated water or food. Current treatments include metronidazole, tinidazole, and nitazoxanide, but drug resistance necessitates new therapeutic targets.

Keywords:
Antigiardial drugsGiardia duodenalisGiardia intestinalisGiardia lambliadiarrheafoodborneparasiteswaterborne.

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Area of Science:

  • Infectious Diseases
  • Parasitology
  • Public Health

Background:

  • Giardiasis is a significant cause of diarrheal illness globally.
  • It is frequently associated with contaminated water and food, leading to outbreaks in daycares and among travelers.
  • Transmission occurs through the fecal-oral route.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To provide an updated review on the evaluation, diagnosis, and treatment of giardiasis.
  • To discuss current therapeutic options and emerging challenges in giardiasis management.
  • To highlight recent advancements and patent information related to giardiasis control.

Main Methods:

  • Comprehensive literature search in PubMed using keywords: "giardiasis", "Giardia lamblia", "Giardia duodenalis", "Giardia intestinalis".
  • Included metaanalyses, RCTs, clinical trials, observational studies, and reviews in English.
  • Searched for relevant patents using "giardiasis" on www.freepatentsonline.com.

Main Results:

  • Giardia lamblia, a protozoan parasite, causes giardiasis through fecal-oral transmission.
  • Risk factors include daycare attendance, travel to endemic areas, and contaminated water exposure.
  • Advanced diagnostic methods like DFA, EIA, and real-time PCR offer improved sensitivity and specificity over traditional microscopy.

Conclusions:

  • Metronidazole, tinidazole, and nitazoxanide are primary treatment options for symptomatic giardiasis.
  • Increasing drug resistance highlights the urgent need for novel antigiardial drug targets.
  • Treatment of asymptomatic carriers is generally not recommended; water purification is a key preventive strategy.