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Epidermal stem cells (EpiSCs) are mainly located at the basal layer of the epidermis. These cells repair minor injuries of the skin and replace dead skin cells. However, EpiSCs’ cannot heal severe wounds such as major burns or those from diabetes or hereditary disorders. In such cases, culturing the epidermal stem cells from the patient is possible and has yielded successful treatment options, such as laboratory-grown skin grafts. These grafts are synthesized using a patient’s own...
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Spinal anesthetics are given during lower abdomen and limb surgeries to block sensory and motor neurons. They are administered in the mid to low lumbar regions, primarily acting on the cauda equina's nerve roots. The blockade level depends on the local anesthetic (LA) concentration. Usually, low LA concentrations are sufficient to block sensory fibers, while only high LA concentrations block motor fibers. Other factors like injection volume and speed, the patient's posture, and the drug...
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Local Anesthetics: Clinical Application as Epidural Anesthesia01:29

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Epidural anesthetics are administered in the fat-filled epidural space, the outermost part of the spinal canal. This technique is commonly employed for pain management and anesthesia during lower abdomen and pelvis surgeries or labor and delivery.
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Intravenous regional anesthesia or the Bier block technique is used to anesthetize a specific limb or extremity. It uses exsanguinated or blood-drained vessels to transport local anesthetics or LAs to the peripheral nerve trunks. Lidocaine without vasoconstrictors like epinephrine is most commonly used for this technique. Other drugs used are prilocaine, ropivacaine, and chloroprocaine. Bupivacaine is not recommended for this technique due to its high cardiac toxicity.
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Exosomes are stable, lipid bilayer-enclosed vesicles capable of crossing biological barriers. They can carry a wide range of molecules required for intercellular communication. Once exosomes are released from the cell where they originated, they enter a recipient cell through various pathways such as fusion, receptor-mediated endocytosis, macropinocytosis, and phagocytosis.
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Microfluidic Technology for Clinical Applications of Exosomes.

Florina S Iliescu1, Danilo Vrtačnik2, Pavel Neuzil3,4,5

  • 1School of Applied Science, Republic Polytechnic Singapore, Singapore 738964, Singapore. florina_iliescu@rp.edu.sg.

Micromachines
|June 20, 2019
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Summary

Exosomes, tiny vesicles carrying biomolecules, show promise as disease biomarkers. Microfluidic technology aids their isolation and analysis for diagnostics and monitoring.

Keywords:
cancerclinical applicationsexosomesextracellular vesiclesinflammationmicrofluidics

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Area of Science:

  • Biotechnology
  • Nanomedicine
  • Molecular Biology

Background:

  • Exosomes are nanovesicles involved in intercellular communication.
  • They contain diverse biomolecules, suggesting potential as disease biomarkers.
  • Current exosome research faces challenges in isolation and analysis.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review general aspects of exosomes.
  • To discuss challenges in exosome research.
  • To explore the potential of exosomes as biomarkers for disease diagnosis and monitoring.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review on exosome biology and biomarker potential.
  • Discussion of microfluidic technologies for exosome isolation and analysis.
  • Summary of clinical applications of exosomes in diagnostics.

Main Results:

  • Exosomes are key players in intercellular cargo transfer.
  • Their biomolecular cargo holds significant potential for disease biomarker discovery.
  • Microfluidic technologies offer advanced solutions for exosome isolation and characterization.

Conclusions:

  • Exosomes represent a promising source of biomarkers for various diseases.
  • Microfluidic advancements are crucial for enabling clinical applications of exosomes.
  • Further research is needed to overcome current challenges in exosome diagnostics.