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Related Concept Videos

Thermal Strain01:19

Thermal Strain

2.8K
Thermal strain is a concept that arises when we consider how temperature changes affect structures. Unlike the conventional assumption that structures remain constant under load, real-world scenarios often involve temperature fluctuations that can significantly impact these structures. Consider a homogeneous rod with a uniform cross-section resting freely on a flat horizontal surface. If the rod's temperature increases, the rod elongates. This elongation is proportional to the temperature...
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Shearing Strain01:20

Shearing Strain

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The shearing strain represents a cubic element's angular change when subjected to shearing stress. This type of stress can transform a cube into an oblique parallelepiped without influencing normal strains. The cubic element experiences a significant transformation when exposed solely to shearing stress. Its shape alters from a perfect cube into a rhomboid, clearly demonstrating the effect of shearing strain. The degree of this strain is considered positive if it reduces the angle between the...
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Measurements of Strain01:27

Measurements of Strain

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Strain quantifies the deformation of a material under force, typically measured as normal strain, which represents the change in length when compared with the original length. Electrical strain gauges are used for enhanced accuracy. These devices consist of a conductive wire mounted on a paper backing that adheres to the material's surface. These gauges operate on the piezoresistive effect, where the wire's electrical resistance changes in response to mechanical deformation. The strain...
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Strain Energy01:13

Strain Energy

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Strain energy is a fundamental concept in the field of materials science and structural engineering, describing the energy absorbed by a material or structure when it is deformed under load.
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Stress-Strain Diagram01:10

Stress-Strain Diagram

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A stress-strain diagram is a crucial tool that graphically displays a material's mechanical characteristics. This diagram is derived from a tensile test performed on a carefully prepared cylindrical specimen. The specimen has two gauge marks inscribed on its central part, and the distance between these marks is known as the gauge length. The cylindrical specimen is placed in a testing machine, which applies an increasing centric load. As this load grows, so does the gauge length. This...
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Transformation of Plane Strain01:12

Transformation of Plane Strain

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When analyzing elongated structures like bars subjected to uniformly distributed loads, it is essential to understand the transformation of plane strain when coordinate axes are rotated. This transformation helps to assess how material deformation characteristics vary with orientation, which is crucial in materials science and structural engineering.
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Related Experiment Video

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High-Throughput Metabolic Profiling for Model Refinements of Microalgae
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First Apocarotenoids Profiling of Four Microalgae Strains.

Mariosimone Zoccali1, Daniele Giuffrida2, Fabio Salafia1

  • 1Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, 98166 Messina, Italy.

Antioxidants (Basel, Switzerland)
|July 10, 2019
PubMed
Summary

This study identified 29 bioactive apocarotenoids, including esters, in four microalgae strains using supercritical fluid extraction and chromatography. The rapid, efficient method offers new insights into apocarotenoid diversity in microalgae.

Keywords:
carotenoid derivativeshyphenated techniquesmicrophytessupercritical fluid extraction-supercritical fluid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry

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Area of Science:

  • Natural Product Chemistry
  • Microalgal Biotechnology
  • Analytical Chemistry

Background:

  • Carotenoid cleavage yields bioactive apocarotenoids via enzymatic or oxidative pathways.
  • Limited data exists on apocarotenoid occurrence in microalgae species.
  • Microalgae are a promising source of valuable natural compounds.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the extraction and characterization of apocarotenoids in four distinct microalgae strains.
  • To establish a novel analytical method for apocarotenoid detection in microalgae.
  • To identify specific apocarotenoids and their esters present in the selected strains.

Main Methods:

  • Online coupling of supercritical fluid extraction (SFE) and supercritical fluid chromatography (SFC) with tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS).
  • Analysis of four microalgae strains: *Chlamydomonas* sp. CCMP 2294, *Tetraselmis chuii* SAG 8-6, *Nannochloropsis gaditana* CCMP 526, and *Chlorella sorokiniana* NIVA-CHL 176.
  • Rapid extraction and detection (<10 min) and overall analysis (<20 min).

Main Results:

  • Detection of 29 different apocarotenoids, including various apocarotenoid fatty acid esters.
  • Identification of specific compounds such as apo-12'-zeaxanthinal, β-apo-12'-carotenal, apo-12-luteinal, apo-12'-violaxanthal, apo-10'-zeaxanthinal-C4:0, and apo-8'-zeaxanthinal-C8:0 in all strains.
  • Quantitative data indicated β-apo-8'-carotenal content of 0.8% in *C. sorokiniana* and 2.4% in *T. chuii* relative to parent carotenoids.

Conclusions:

  • The developed online SFE-SFC-MS/MS method is highly efficient and selective for apocarotenoid detection in microalgae.
  • This study provides the first detailed characterization of apocarotenoids in the investigated microalgae strains.
  • The findings highlight the potential of microalgae as a source of diverse bioactive apocarotenoids.