Detecting creatine excreted in the urine of swimming athletes by means of Raman spectroscopy

High-level sport requires analysis of athletes' metabolic conditions in order to improve the training. Raman spectroscopy can be used to assess urinary composition advantageously when compared to conventional methods of urinalysis. In this work, Raman spectroscopy has been employed to detect creatine in urine of professional swimmers before and after training compared to sedentaries. It has been collected urine samples from five swimmers before and immediately after 150 min of swimming and submitted to Raman spectroscopy (830 nm excitation, 350 mW laser power, 20 s integration time) and compared to the urine from a control group (14 sedentary subjects). The Raman spectra of urine from four swimmers after training showed peaks related to creatine at 829, 915, 1049, and 1397 cm^-1, besides peaks referred to urea, creatinine, ketone bodies, and phosphate. A spectral model estimated the concentration of creatine to be from 0.26 to 0.72 g/dL in the urine of these athletes. The presence of this metabolic biomarker in the urine of some swimmers suggests a metabolic profile influenced by the diet, supplementation, individual metabolism, and the self-response to the training. Raman spectroscopy allows a rapid and reliable detection of creatine excreted in the urine of swimming athletes, which may be used to adjust the nutrition/supplementation of each individual as well as the individual response and energy consumption depending on the type and duration of the training.