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Related Concept Videos

The Anchoring-and-Adjustment Heuristic01:25

The Anchoring-and-Adjustment Heuristic

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In order to make good decisions, we use our knowledge and our reasoning. Often, this knowledge and reasoning is sound and solid. However, sometimes, we are swayed by biases or by others manipulating a situation. For example, let’s say you and three friends wanted to rent a house and had a combined target budget of $1,600. The realtor shows you only very run-down houses for $1,600 and then shows you a very nice house for $2,000. Might you ask each person to pay more in rent to get the...
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Lipids as Anchors01:32

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In the plasma membrane, the lipids forming the bilayer can also act as an anchor to tether proteins to the membrane. The three main types of lipid anchors found in eukaryotes are – prenyl groups, fatty acyl groups, and glycosylphosphatidylinositol or GPI groups. Prenyl and fatty acyl groups act as anchors on the cytosolic surface of the membrane, whereas GPI anchors proteins on the extracellular side.
The carboxy-terminal of most of the prenylated proteins, such as Ras proteins, contains...
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Anchoring Junctions01:03

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Anchoring junctions are multiprotein complexes that help cells connect to other cells and the extracellular matrix. Anchoring junctions are present on the lateral and basal surfaces of cells, providing strong and flexible connections. Focal adhesions are often formed due to cell interactions with the ECM substrata, which initiate signal transduction via kinase cascades and other mechanisms. Together, they provide stability and tissue integrity. There are three types of anchoring junctions:...
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GPI Anchoring of Proteins in the ER Membrane01:29

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GPI-anchoring is a post-translational, reversible protein modification that is ubiquitous in eukaryotes. Such proteins are primarily present on the exoplasmic leaflet of the plasma membrane.
GPI-anchor structure
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Tail-anchoring of Proteins in the ER Membrane01:45

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Tail-anchored, or TA, proteins are estimated to make up to 3-5% of membrane proteins found in the eukaryotic cell. Such proteins have a single transmembrane domain located approximately 30 amino acid residues upstream from the C-terminal end. As a result, the signal recognition particle (SRP) cannot guide a TA protein to the ER membrane for cotranslational insertion. Hence, they are integrated into the ER membrane post-translationally using their C-terminal end as the anchor. TA proteins...
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Incentive theory, or the "pull theory" of motivation, suggests that external rewards primarily drive behavior. Individuals are motivated to engage in activities when they anticipate a desirable outcome. This is why people often work hard for promotions or study intensively to achieve high grades. These incentives can be tangible, physical rewards such as money or promotions, or intangible, non-physical rewards like praise and social recognition.
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An Instrumented Pull Test to Characterize Postural Responses
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Pulling the Roof Down on Anchored Nuclei.

Charlotte R Pfeifer1, Dennis E Discher1

  • 1Molecular & Cell Biophysics Lab, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.

Developmental Cell
|July 24, 2019
PubMed
Summary

Dying cells create indentations on epithelial surfaces during development. This occurs as actomyosin cables contract against the apoptotic cell

Area of Science:

  • Cell biology
  • Developmental biology
  • Epithelial tissue dynamics

Background:

  • Epithelial tissue patterning is crucial for organ development.
  • The mechanisms driving topographical changes in smooth epithelia are not fully understood.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate how dying cells contribute to epithelial surface topography during development.
  • To elucidate the cellular and molecular mechanisms underlying cell-induced indentations in epithelial tissues.

Main Methods:

  • Live imaging of epithelial development.
  • Analysis of cell-cell and cell-matrix interactions.
  • Investigating the role of the actomyosin cytoskeleton and apoptotic cell morphology.

Main Results:

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  • Dying cells specifically indent the apical surface of the epithelium.
  • Apical actomyosin cables contract against the nucleus of the dying cell.
  • The apoptotic nucleus is anchored to the basal extracellular matrix, resisting apical contraction.

Conclusions:

  • Cellular apoptosis actively shapes epithelial topography.
  • A combination of cytoskeletal forces and cell-matrix adhesion drives topographical patterning.
  • Understanding these mechanisms provides insights into tissue morphogenesis and development.