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At room temperature, the chair conformer of cyclohexane undergoes rapid ring flipping between two equivalent chair conformers at a rate of approximately 105 times per second. These two chair conformers are in equilibrium. The rapid ring flipping results in the interconversion of the axial proton to an equatorial proton and an equatorial to the axial proton. Such interconversions are too rapid and cannot be detected on the NMR timescale. Hence, the NMR spectrometer cannot distinguish between the...
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The axial and equatorial protons in cyclohexane can be distinguished by performing a variable-temperature NMR experiment. In this process, except for one proton, the remaining eleven protons are replaced by deuterium. The deuterium substitution avoids the possible peak splitting caused by the spin-spin coupling between the adjacent protons. The remaining proton flips between the axial and equatorial positions.
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Surgical Training for the Implantation of Neocortical Microelectrode Arrays Using a Formaldehyde-fixed Human Cadaver Model
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A 3D flexible microelectrode array for subretinal stimulation.

Hee Won Seo1, Namju Kim1, Jungryul Ahn2

  • 1Department of Robotics Engineering, Daegu Gyeongbuk Institute of Science and Technology (DGIST), Daegu, Republic of Korea.

Journal of Neural Engineering
|July 30, 2019
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Researchers developed a novel 3D microelectrode array for subretinal prostheses, effectively stimulating retinal cells. This innovation shows promise for restoring vision in blind patients, with successful in vitro testing paving the way for further development.

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Area of Science:

  • Biomedical Engineering
  • Neuroscience
  • Ophthalmology

Background:

  • Vision loss affects millions globally, driving research into retinal prostheses.
  • Current retinal prostheses aim to restore partial vision by stimulating retinal cells.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To design and fabricate a 3D microelectrode array for subretinal implantation.
  • To evaluate the efficacy of the 3D microelectrode array in stimulating retinal ganglion cells.

Main Methods:

  • Finite element analysis was used to simulate electric field distribution for various electrode designs.
  • A 3D flexible and transparent microelectrode array was fabricated using MEMS technologies.
  • In vitro experiments were conducted to assess the evoked neural responses.

Main Results:

  • Square frustum electrode design demonstrated effective high-contrast stimulation.
  • The fabricated 3D microelectrode array successfully evoked spikes in retinal ganglion cells.
  • Mean threshold current was 7.4 µA and threshold charge density was 33.64 µC·cm-2.

Conclusions:

  • The developed 3D microelectrode array is feasible for subretinal prosthesis applications.
  • Further in vivo experiments are planned for integration with stimulation circuitry and animal implantation.