Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Real Time RT-PCR02:57

Real Time RT-PCR

64.8K
Real-time reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction, or Real-time RT-PCR, is an analytical tool used to determine the expression level of target genes. The method involves converting mRNA to complementary DNA with the help of an enzyme known as reverse transcriptase, followed by the PCR amplification of the cDNA. These two processes can be performed simultaneously in a single tube or separately as a two-step reaction.
The real-time quantification of the number of amplified products is...
64.8K
tRNA Activation02:26

tRNA Activation

22.7K
Aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases are present in both eukaryotes and bacteria. Though eukaryotes have 20 different aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases to couple to 20 amino acids, many bacteria do not have genes for all of these aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases. Despite this, they still use all 20 amino acids to synthesize their proteins. For instance, some bacteria do not have the gene encoding the enzyme that couples glutamine with its partner tRNA. In these organisms, one enzyme adds glutamic acid to all of the...
22.7K
Activation Energy01:26

Activation Energy

86.4K
Activation energy is the minimum amount of energy necessary for a chemical reaction to move forward. The higher the activation energy, the slower the rate of the reaction. However, adding heat to the reaction will increase the rate, since it causes molecules to move faster and increase the likelihood that molecules will collide. The collision and breaking of bonds represents the uphill phase of a reaction and generates the transition state. The transition state is an unstable high-energy state...
86.4K
Co-activators and Co-repressors02:04

Co-activators and Co-repressors

8.4K
Gene transcription is regulated by the synergistic action of several proteins that form a complex at a gene regulatory site. This is observed in eukaryotes, where the regulation of gene expression is a complex process. Regulatory proteins in eukaryotes can broadly be classified into two types – regulators that bind directly to specific DNA sequences and co-regulators that associate with regulatory proteins but cannot directly bind to the DNA. These co-regulators are further divided into...
8.4K
Generation Time01:22

Generation Time

1.4K
Bacterial generation time, the period required for a bacterial population to double during its exponential growth phase, serves as a critical measure of microbial growth dynamics under optimal conditions. This parameter varies significantly across bacterial species and can be influenced by factors such as temperature, pH, and the availability of nutrients. For example, Escherichia coli can achieve a generation time of approximately 20 minutes, while Mycobacterium tuberculosis exhibits a much...
1.4K
Mixing Time01:19

Mixing Time

462
The concept of mixing time is significant in producing a uniform concrete mix with the required strength. The mixing period starts once all components are in the mixer. Initially, the mixer is charged with 10% of the water, followed by the consistent addition of solids and then 80% of the water. The remaining water is added later, within the first quarter of the mixing period. The minimum mixing time varies according to the mixer's capacity; for example, mixers with up to 1 cubic yard...
462

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Clinicopathologic characterization of a non-expansile, epilepsy-associated neocortical lesion with BRAF K601E mutation.

Journal of neuropathology and experimental neurology·2026
Same author

Consensus recommendations for clinical functional MRI applied to language mapping.

Aperture neuro·2026
Same author

MAPK-driven glioma progression and reprogramming of the tumor-associated immune response.

Neuro-oncology·2026
Same author

Human intracranial signal stability tracks anatomical accuracy after electrode reimplantation.

Journal of neural engineering·2026
Same author

Impaired behavioral inhibition in Fmr1 KO mice is linked to disrupted visual cortex theta oscillations.

Cell reports·2026
Same author

Cerebrovascular vulnerability and fibrosis in human brain aneurysms.

Nature neuroscience·2026

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 21, 2026

Study Design for Navigated Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation for Speech Cortical Mapping
09:16

Study Design for Navigated Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation for Speech Cortical Mapping

Published on: March 24, 2023

1.9K

Real-time decoding of question-and-answer speech dialogue using human cortical activity.

David A Moses1, Matthew K Leonard1, Joseph G Makin1

  • 1Department of Neurological Surgery and the Center for Integrative Neuroscience at UC San Francisco, 675 Nelson Rising Lane, San Francisco, CA, 94158, USA.

Nature Communications
|August 1, 2019
PubMed
Summary

Researchers decoded spoken words directly from brain activity during conversations. This brain-computer interface technology decodes both heard and spoken language, offering hope for communication restoration.

More Related Videos

A Novel Experimental and Analytical Approach to the Multimodal Neural Decoding of Intent During Social Interaction in Freely-behaving Human Infants
11:14

A Novel Experimental and Analytical Approach to the Multimodal Neural Decoding of Intent During Social Interaction in Freely-behaving Human Infants

Published on: October 4, 2015

11.4K
Real-time Cytotoxicity Assays in Human Whole Blood
08:27

Real-time Cytotoxicity Assays in Human Whole Blood

Published on: November 7, 2014

12.7K

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jan 21, 2026

Study Design for Navigated Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation for Speech Cortical Mapping
09:16

Study Design for Navigated Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation for Speech Cortical Mapping

Published on: March 24, 2023

1.9K
A Novel Experimental and Analytical Approach to the Multimodal Neural Decoding of Intent During Social Interaction in Freely-behaving Human Infants
11:14

A Novel Experimental and Analytical Approach to the Multimodal Neural Decoding of Intent During Social Interaction in Freely-behaving Human Infants

Published on: October 4, 2015

11.4K
Real-time Cytotoxicity Assays in Human Whole Blood
08:27

Real-time Cytotoxicity Assays in Human Whole Blood

Published on: November 7, 2014

12.7K

Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Biomedical Engineering
  • Computational Linguistics

Background:

  • Natural human communication involves dynamic dialogue, engaging distinct brain regions for listening and speaking.
  • Prior brain-computer interface (BCI) research often isolates listening or speaking tasks, limiting real-world applicability.
  • Decoding speech from brain signals is crucial for restoring communication in non-verbal individuals.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop and evaluate a real-time speech decoding system using electrocorticography (ECoG) in a conversational context.
  • To investigate the impact of contextual information (decoded questions) on the accuracy of decoding spoken answers.
  • To assess the system's ability to differentiate between perceived and produced speech.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized high-density electrocorticography (ECoG) recordings from human participants engaged in question-answer dialogues.
  • Developed algorithms to detect utterance onset/offset and decode speech identity for both heard and spoken words.
  • Implemented a contextual integration method to refine answer decoding based on decoded question likelihoods.

Main Results:

  • Achieved high decoding accuracies: up to 76% for perceived utterances and 61% for produced utterances (chance levels 20% and 7%, respectively).
  • Demonstrated significant improvement in answer decoding accuracy through the contextual integration of decoded question information.
  • Successfully decoded speech in real-time within an interactive conversational setting.

Conclusions:

  • Real-time speech decoding is feasible in dynamic, interactive conversational settings.
  • Contextual integration significantly enhances the performance of speech decoding BCIs.
  • This approach holds significant promise for developing advanced communication aids for individuals with speech impairments.