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Related Concept Videos

Ionic Crystal Structures02:42

Ionic Crystal Structures

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Ionic crystals consist of two or more different kinds of ions that usually have different sizes. The packing of these ions into a crystal structure is more complex than the packing of metal atoms that are the same size.
Most monatomic ions behave as charged spheres, and their attraction for ions of opposite charge is the same in every direction. Consequently, stable structures for ionic compounds result (1) when ions of one charge are surrounded by as many ions as possible of the opposite...
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Crystallization is a phase transformation process in which crystals are precipitated from a supersaturated solution or formed from other sources. During crystallization, atoms or molecules arrange themselves into a well-defined, rigid crystal lattice to minimize energy.
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Crystal Field Theory - Octahedral Complexes02:58

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Crystal Field Theory
To explain the observed behavior of transition metal complexes (such as colors), a model involving electrostatic interactions between the electrons from the ligands and the electrons in the unhybridized d orbitals of the central metal atom has been developed. This electrostatic model is crystal field theory (CFT). It helps to understand, interpret, and predict the colors, magnetic behavior, and some structures of coordination compounds of transition metals.
CFT focuses on...
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Crystal Field Theory - Tetrahedral and Square Planar Complexes02:46

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Tetrahedral Complexes
Crystal field theory (CFT) is applicable to molecules in geometries other than octahedral. In octahedral complexes, the lobes of the dx2−y2 and dz2 orbitals point directly at the ligands. For tetrahedral complexes, the d orbitals remain in place, but with only four ligands located between the axes. None of the orbitals points directly at the tetrahedral ligands. However, the dx2−y2 and dz2 orbitals (along the Cartesian axes) overlap with the ligands less than the dxy,...
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Ionic Bonding and Electron Transfer02:48

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Ions are atoms or molecules bearing an electrical charge. A cation (a positive ion) forms when a neutral atom loses one or more electrons from its valence shell, and an anion (a negative ion) forms when a neutral atom gains one or more electrons in its valence shell. Compounds composed of ions are called ionic compounds (or salts), and their constituent ions are held together by ionic bonds: electrostatic forces of attraction between oppositely charged cations and anions. 
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Ionic Radii03:10

Ionic Radii

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Ionic radius is the measure used to describe the size of an ion. A cation always has fewer electrons and the same number of protons as the parent atom; it is smaller than the atom from which it is derived. For example, the covalent radius of an aluminum atom (1s22s22p63s23p1) is 118 pm, whereas the ionic radius of an Al3+ (1s22s22p6) is 68 pm. As electrons are removed from the outer valence shell, the remaining core electrons occupying smaller shells experience a greater effective nuclear...
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From Molecules to Materials: Engineering New Ionic Liquid Crystals Through Halogen Bonding
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From Molecules to Materials: Engineering New Ionic Liquid Crystals Through Halogen Bonding

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Surface crystallization of ionic liquid crystals.

Mónia A R Martins1, Pedro J Carvalho, Douglas Alves

  • 1CICECO, Department of Chemistry, Univ. Aveiro, Portugal. jcoutinho@ua.pt.

Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics : PCCP
|August 3, 2019
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Surface crystallization in ionic liquids is rare and its drivers are debated. This study reconciles previous findings and shows surface crystallization is common in ionic liquids, supported by simulations.

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Area of Science:

  • Materials Science
  • Physical Chemistry
  • Surface Science

Background:

  • Evidence for surface crystallization in ionic liquids (ILs) is limited and existing reports on driving forces are contradictory.
  • Previous studies show varying contributions of coulombic and van der Waals forces in different ILs.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate surface crystallization in 1-dodecyl-3-methylimidazolium tetrafluoroborate.
  • To reconcile conflicting observations regarding the driving forces of IL surface crystallization.
  • To determine the prevalence of surface crystallization in other ionic liquids.

Main Methods:

  • Surface tension measurements
  • Ellipsometry
  • Optical microscopy
  • Molecular Dynamics (MD) simulations

Main Results:

  • Experimental characterization of surface crystallization in 1-dodecyl-3-methylimidazolium tetrafluoroborate.
  • Reconciliation of previous contradictory findings on IL surface crystallization drivers.
  • Demonstration of the prevalence of surface crystallization in various ionic liquids.
  • MD simulations provided models rationalizing experimental observations.

Conclusions:

  • Surface crystallization is a prevalent phenomenon in ionic liquids.
  • The study provides a unified perspective on the driving forces behind IL surface crystallization.
  • Molecular dynamics simulations offer valuable insights into IL surface organization.