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Related Concept Videos

Solubility Equilibria: Ionic Product of Water01:16

Solubility Equilibria: Ionic Product of Water

1.5K
Pure water is a weak electrolyte; only a small amount ionizes into hydrogen and hydroxide ions. At any given temperature, the concentration of undissociated water is almost constant, so the ionic product of water is the product of the hydrogen and hydroxide ion concentrations, denoted as Kw. The square root of Kw gives the individual ion concentrations.
The ionic product of water varies with temperature, and its value is 1.0 x 10−14 at standard experimental conditions. Per Le...
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Factors Affecting Solubility04:01

Factors Affecting Solubility

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Compared with pure water, the solubility of an ionic compound is less in aqueous solutions containing a common ion (one also produced by dissolution of the ionic compound). This is an example of a phenomenon known as the common ion effect, which is a consequence of the law of mass action that may be explained using Le Chȃtelier’s principle. Consider the dissolution of silver iodide:
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Solubility Equilibria03:07

Solubility Equilibria

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Solubility equilibria are established when the dissolution and precipitation of a solute species occur at equal rates. These equilibria underlie many natural and technological processes, ranging from tooth decay to water purification. An understanding of the factors affecting compound solubility is, therefore, essential to the effective management of these processes. This section applies previously introduced equilibrium concepts and tools to systems involving dissolution and precipitation.
The...
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Polymers02:34

Polymers

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The word polymer is derived from the Greek words “poly” which means “many” and “mer” which means “parts”. Polymers are long chains of molecules composed of repeating units of smaller molecules, known as monomers. They either occur naturally, such as DNA and proteins, or can be constructed synthetically, like plastics. They have varied structural characteristics, such as linear chains, branched chains, or complex networks, that contribute to the...
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Physical Properties Affecting Solubility02:19

Physical Properties Affecting Solubility

26.2K
Solutions of Gases in Liquids
As for any solution, the solubility of a gas in a liquid is affected by the attractive intermolecular forces between solute and solvent species. Unlike solid and liquid solutes, however, there is no solute-solute intermolecular attraction to overcome when a gaseous solute dissolves in a liquid solvent since the atoms or molecules comprising a gas are far separated and experience negligible interactions. Consequently, solute-solvent interactions are the sole...
26.2K
Solubility of Ionic Compounds02:55

Solubility of Ionic Compounds

68.0K
Solubility is the measure of the maximum amount of solute that can be dissolved in a given quantity of solvent at a given temperature and pressure. Solubility is usually measured in molarity (M) or moles per liter (mol/L). A compound is termed soluble if it dissolves in water.
68.0K

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 21, 2026

Detecting the Water-soluble Chloride Distribution of Cement Paste in a High-precision Way
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A neutral water-soluble mitochondria-targeting polymer.

Yu Geng1, Yin Zhong, Quan Zhou

  • 1Center for Bionanoengineering, College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China. shenyq@zju.edu.cn.

Chemical Communications (Cambridge, England)
|August 6, 2019
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Researchers developed a novel zwitterionic polymer, OPDEA, that effectively targets cancer cell mitochondria. This water-soluble polymer shows promise for in vitro and in vivo applications in cancer research.

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Area of Science:

  • Polymer chemistry
  • Mitochondrial biology
  • Cancer research

Background:

  • Mitochondrial targeting is crucial for cancer therapy.
  • Developing neutral, water-soluble polymers for this purpose remains a challenge.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To report the first neutral and water-soluble polymer for strong mitochondrial targeting.
  • To evaluate the in vitro and in vivo efficacy of zwitterionic poly[2-(N-oxide-N,N-diethylamino)ethyl methacrylate] (OPDEA).

Main Methods:

  • Synthesis of zwitterionic poly[2-(N-oxide-N,N-diethylamino)ethyl methacrylate] (OPDEA).
  • In vitro and in vivo studies to assess cellular uptake and mitochondrial localization.
  • JC-1 assay to determine mitochondrial membrane potential.

Main Results:

  • OPDEA is a neutral and water-soluble polymer.
  • OPDEA is rapidly internalized by cancer cells via macropinocytosis.
  • OPDEA effectively targets mitochondria, causing a slight decrease in mitochondrial membrane potential.

Conclusions:

  • OPDEA is a promising candidate for mitochondrial targeting in cancer research.
  • The polymer's properties enable efficient delivery to cancer cell mitochondria.