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Updated: Jan 21, 2026

A Simplified Method for Generating Kidney Organoids from Human Pluripotent Stem Cells
Published on: April 13, 2021
Differentiation of human kidney organoids from pluripotent stem cells
Nelly M Cruz1, Benjamin S Freedman1
1Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, United States; Kidney Research Institute, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, United States; Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, United States; Department of Pathology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, United States.
Abstract:
It is now possible to direct the differentiation of human pluripotent stem cells into three-dimensional nephron-like structures called kidney organoids. Organoids contain proximal and distal tubules as well as podocytes, in addition to a variety of other lineages such as endothelial cells. Organoid technology has great potential for kidney regeneration and has already been proven to be suitable for modeling kidney disease. However, the methodologies that are used for the generation of kidney organoids require expertise and can be daunting for the inexperienced. Here, we describe in detail a well-established and relatively simple method for the generation of human kidney organoids. We include notes on technical and design considerations for these experiments, and highlight key advantages and limitations of the system.
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