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Related Concept Videos

The Parathyroid Glands00:59

The Parathyroid Glands

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The two pairs of parathyroid glands embedded within the posterior surface of the thyroid gland are restricted by a dense capsule around them. These glands comprise two distinct cell populations—parathyroid oxyphil and parathyroid principal cells- pivotal in calcium homeostasis.
Oxyphil cells, whose functions remain elusive, emerge during late puberty, adding a layer of complexity to the parathyroid gland's intricacies. In contrast, principal parathyroid cells undertake a vital role by...
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The Thyroid Gland01:23

The Thyroid Gland

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The thyroid gland is a small, butterfly-shaped gland located in the neck and covers the anterior surface of the trachea. The gland has two lateral lobes connected by a thin tissue mass called the isthmus. Internally, each lobe comprises many small spherical structures known as thyroid follicles, surrounded by a network of blood vessels.
The follicles have a central cavity lined by simple cuboidal to squamous epithelial cells called follicular cells. These cells produce the glycoprotein...
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Functions of Thyroid Hormones01:18

Functions of Thyroid Hormones

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The thyroid hormone (TH) plays a pivotal role in the intricate orchestration of physiological processes, exerting profound effects on development, metabolism, and homeostasis throughout different life stages.
TH is indispensable for the normal development and maturation of the skeletal, muscular, and nervous systems during fetal and childhood growth. It facilitates bone mineral turnover and regulates protein synthesis in developing tissues, contributing significantly to overall growth and...
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Synthesis and Regulation of Thyroid Hormones01:20

Synthesis and Regulation of Thyroid Hormones

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Low blood levels of the thyroid hormones — triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4) — signal the hypothalamus to release the thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH). TRH then reaches the pituitary gland and stimulates the release of thyroid-stimulating hormone(TSH) into the bloodstream.
Upon reaching the thyroid gland, TSH stimulates the follicular cells' active uptake of iodide ions from the blood. The ions diffuse to the apical surface of the cells and are oxidized to iodine. The...
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Co-activators and Co-repressors02:04

Co-activators and Co-repressors

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Gene transcription is regulated by the synergistic action of several proteins that form a complex at a gene regulatory site. This is observed in eukaryotes, where the regulation of gene expression is a complex process. Regulatory proteins in eukaryotes can broadly be classified into two types – regulators that bind directly to specific DNA sequences and co-regulators that associate with regulatory proteins but cannot directly bind to the DNA. These co-regulators are further divided into...
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What are Proteins?01:55

What are Proteins?

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Overview
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North American Society for Interventional Thyroidology (NASIT) Statement on Directed Ablative Therapy for the Management of of Low Risk Papillary Thyroid Carcinoma.

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 21, 2026

Transoral Endoscopic Thyroidectomy Vestibular Approach for Thyroid Lobectomy
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Transoral Endoscopic Thyroidectomy Vestibular Approach for Thyroid Lobectomy

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Starting a Transoral Thyroid and Parathyroid Surgery Program.

Christopher R Razavi1, Ralph P Tufano1, Jonathon O Russell1

  • 1Department of Otolaryngology - Head & Neck Surgery, Johns Hopkins Outpatient Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 601 N. Caroline Street, 6th floor, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA.

Current Otorhinolaryngology Reports
|August 10, 2019
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Implementing transoral thyroid and parathyroid surgery requires careful planning. Key steps include institutional support, surgeon/patient selection, and comprehensive training for safe adoption of these scarless techniques.

Keywords:
Endoscopic thyroidectomyRobotic-thyroidectomyTOETVATransoral parathyroidectomyTransoral thyroidectomy

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Transoral Robotic Total Thyroidectomy and Bilateral Central Regional Lymph Node Dissection for Papillary Thyroid Carcinoma
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Investigation of the Electrophysiological and Thermographic Safety Parameters of Surgical Energy Devices During Thyroid and Parathyroid Surgery in a Porcine Model
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Last Updated: Jan 21, 2026

Transoral Endoscopic Thyroidectomy Vestibular Approach for Thyroid Lobectomy
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Transoral Robotic Total Thyroidectomy and Bilateral Central Regional Lymph Node Dissection for Papillary Thyroid Carcinoma
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Investigation of the Electrophysiological and Thermographic Safety Parameters of Surgical Energy Devices During Thyroid and Parathyroid Surgery in a Porcine Model
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Investigation of the Electrophysiological and Thermographic Safety Parameters of Surgical Energy Devices During Thyroid and Parathyroid Surgery in a Porcine Model

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Area of Science:

  • Endocrine Surgery
  • Surgical Innovation
  • Minimally Invasive Procedures

Background:

  • Transoral vestibular approaches offer a scarless alternative for thyroid and parathyroid surgery.
  • Growing adoption necessitates a structured implementation framework.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To outline essential steps for establishing a safe transoral thyroid and parathyroid surgery program.
  • To guide new adopters in translating evidence-based outcomes into practice.

Main Methods:

  • Framework development based on expert consensus and existing literature.
  • Identification of critical implementation components.

Main Results:

  • Transoral vestibular approaches are safe and feasible, avoiding neck scars.
  • Implementation requires institutional support, careful candidate selection (patient and surgeon), and structured training (observation, cadaver labs).
  • Understanding the learning curve and adequate preparation are crucial for new programs.

Conclusions:

  • A structured approach provides a foundation for successful transoral thyroid and parathyroid programs.
  • Prerequisites include a deep understanding of conventional surgery and strong institutional backing for safe implementation.