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Related Concept Videos

Diffusion01:12

Diffusion

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Diffusion is the passive movement of substances down their concentration gradients—requiring no expenditure of cellular energy. Substances, such as molecules or ions, diffuse from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration in the cytosol or across membranes. Eventually, the concentration will even out, with the substance moving randomly but causing no net change in concentration. Such a state is called dynamic equilibrium, which is essential for maintaining overall...
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Structural Joints: Synovial Joints01:16

Structural Joints: Synovial Joints

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Synovial joints are the most common type of joint in the body. A key structural characteristic for a synovial joint is the presence of a joint cavity. This fluid-filled space is where the articulating surfaces of the bones contact each other. Also, unlike fibrous or cartilaginous joints, the articulating bone surfaces at a synovial joint are not directly connected to each other with fibrous connective tissue or cartilage. This gives the bones of a synovial joint the ability to move smoothly...
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Structural Joints: Fibrous Joints01:03

Structural Joints: Fibrous Joints

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Fibrous joints are a type of joint where the bones are connected by fibrous connective tissue. These joints provide stability and minimal to no movement between the articulating bones. There are three types of fibrous joints.
Suture
All the bones of the skull, except for the mandible, are joined to each other by a fibrous joint called a suture. The fibrous connective tissue found at a suture strongly unites the adjacent skull bones and thus helps to protect the brain and form the face. In...
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Structural Joints: Cartilaginous Joints01:17

Structural Joints: Cartilaginous Joints

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As the name indicates, at a cartilaginous joint, the adjacent bones are united by cartilage, a tough but flexible type of connective tissue. Unlike synovial joints, these types of joints lack a joint cavity and involve bones joined together by either hyaline cartilage or fibrocartilage.
There are two types of cartilaginous joints:
Synchondrosis
A synchondrosis ("joined by cartilage") is a cartilaginous joint where bones are connected by hyaline cartilage. Synchondrosis may be temporary...
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Joints01:26

Joints

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Joints, also called articulations or articular surfaces, are points at which ligaments or other tissues connect adjacent bones. Joints permit movement and stability, and can be classified based on their structure or function.
Structural joint classifications are based on the material that makes up the joint as well as whether or not the joint contains a space between the bones. Joints are structurally classified as fibrous, cartilaginous, or synovial.
Fibrous Joints Are Immovable
The bones of a...
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Relaxation of Skeletal Muscles01:29

Relaxation of Skeletal Muscles

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The period of muscle contraction primarily influences the duration of stimulation at the neuromuscular junction (NMJ), the presence of free calcium ions in the sarcoplasm, and the availability of energy or ATP to support contractions.
When an action potential reaches the axon terminal, it depolarizes the membrane and opens voltage-gated sodium channels. Sodium ions enter the cell, further depolarizing the presynaptic membrane. This depolarization causes voltage-gated calcium channels to open....
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Probing the Brain in Autism Using fMRI and Diffusion Tensor Imaging
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Joint RElaxation-Diffusion Imaging Moments to Probe Neurite Microstructure.

Lipeng Ning, Borjan Gagoski, Filip Szczepankiewicz

    IEEE Transactions on Medical Imaging
    |August 10, 2019
    PubMed
    Summary

    This study introduces a robust method for analyzing tissue microstructure by directly computing moments of relaxation and diffusion properties. This approach overcomes limitations of previous techniques, offering new insights into complex tissue characteristics.

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    Area of Science:

    • Biomedical Engineering
    • Neuroimaging
    • Quantitative MRI

    Background:

    • Joint relaxation-diffusion measurements offer insights into tissue microstructure.
    • Current methods using Laplace transform inversion are ill-posed and unstable.
    • Robust estimation of tissue microstructural properties is crucial for diagnostics.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To develop a robust method for characterizing tissue microstructure using joint moments of relaxation and diffusion.
    • To introduce novel scalar indices for specific microstructural property assessment.
    • To develop an algorithm for estimating echo time-independent diffusion signals.

    Main Methods:

    • Direct computation of joint moments of transverse relaxation rate and diffusivity.
    • Application of multiplicative filters to the joint probability density function.
    • Estimation of echo time-independent diffusion signals using moments of the marginal diffusion PDF.
    • Comparison of four filter types on in-vivo human data.

    Main Results:

    • The proposed method robustly estimates joint moments, overcoming ill-posedness.
    • Novel scalar indices effectively characterize heterogeneous tissue microstructure.
    • Echo time-independent diffusion signals isolate tissue information from varying relaxation rates.
    • Filtered signals distinguish fiber bundles with similar orientations but different relaxation rates.

    Conclusions:

    • The developed method provides a robust and unique approach to characterizing neural microstructure.
    • This technique offers advantages over existing methods for analyzing complex tissue properties.
    • The findings have implications for advanced neuroimaging and tissue characterization.