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Structures of Solids

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Solids in which the atoms, ions, or molecules are arranged in a definite repeating pattern are known as crystalline solids. Metals and ionic compounds typically form ordered, crystalline solids. A crystalline solid has a precise melting temperature because each atom or molecule of the same type is held in place with the same forces or energy. Amorphous solids or non-crystalline solids (or, sometimes, glasses) which lack an ordered internal structure and are randomly arranged. Substances that...
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Scleral structure and biomechanics.

Craig Boote1, Ian A Sigal2, Rafael Grytz3

  • 1Structural Biophysics Research Group, School of Optometry & Vision Sciences, Cardiff University, UK; Ophthalmic Engineering & Innovation Laboratory (OEIL), Department of Biomedical Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore; Newcastle Research & Innovation Institute Singapore (NewRIIS), Singapore.

Progress in Retinal and Eye Research
|August 15, 2019
PubMed
Summary

The sclera, vital for vision, provides structural support and maintains eye shape. Recent research advances our understanding of scleral biomechanics, structure, and its role in vision disorders like myopia and glaucoma.

Keywords:
AgeingBiomechanicsConnective tissue structureGlaucomaMyopiaSclera

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Area of Science:

  • Ophthalmology
  • Biomedical Engineering
  • Materials Science

Background:

  • The sclera is the eye's primary load-bearing connective tissue, crucial for maintaining vision and protecting internal ocular structures.
  • Its structural integrity is essential for refractive status and is influenced by age and disease.
  • Understanding scleral biomechanics is key to addressing vision disorders.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review recent advances in scleral structural and biomechanical research.
  • To explore the relationship between scleral extracellular matrix (ECM) structure and biomechanics.
  • To discuss the implications of scleral changes in myopia, glaucoma, and aging.

Main Methods:

  • Review of recent structural and biomechanical studies on the sclera.
  • Analysis of advancements in bioimaging and scattering methods for scleral ECM.
  • Exploration of in vivo/ex vivo experimental and computational techniques for scleral biomechanics.

Main Results:

  • Significant progress in understanding scleral biomechanics and its hierarchical structure.
  • New insights into how scleral ECM structure influences tissue properties.
  • Identification of scleral alterations in myopia, glaucoma, and aging eyes.

Conclusions:

  • Recent studies have significantly advanced the understanding of scleral structure and biomechanics.
  • This knowledge is crucial for developing new therapies for scleral-related vision disorders.
  • Emerging surgical and therapeutic strategies offer hope for treating worldwide vision impairment.