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Related Concept Videos

Chromatin Structure Regulates pre-mRNA Processing02:41

Chromatin Structure Regulates pre-mRNA Processing

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In eukaryotic cells, nascent mRNA transcripts need to undergo many post-transcriptional modifications to reach the cell cytoplasm and translate into functional proteins. For a long time, transcription and pre-mRNA processing were considered two independent events that occur sequentially in the cell. However, it has now been well established that transcription and pre-mRNA processing are two simultaneous processes that are precisely regulated inside the cell.
The chromatin structure, especially...
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pre-mRNA Processing02:01

pre-mRNA Processing

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In eukaryotic cells, transcripts made by RNA polymerase are modified and processed before exiting the nucleus. Unprocessed RNA is called precursor mRNA or pre-mRNA to distinguish it from mature mRNA.
Once about 20-40 ribonucleotides have been joined together by RNA polymerase, a group of enzymes adds a “cap” to the 5’ end of the growing transcript. In this process, a 5’ phosphate is replaced by modified guanosine that has a methyl group attached to it (7-Methyl...
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Pre-mRNA Processing: Modification of pre-mRNA Ends01:35

Pre-mRNA Processing: Modification of pre-mRNA Ends

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In eukaryotic cells, transcripts made by RNA polymerase are modified and processed before exiting the nucleus. Unprocessed RNA is called precursor mRNA or pre-mRNA to distinguish it from mature mRNA.
Once about 20-40 ribonucleotides have been joined together by RNA polymerase, a group of enzymes adds a cap to the 5' end of the growing transcript. In this process, a 5' phosphate is replaced by modified guanosine that has a methyl group attached (7-methyl guanosine). This 5' cap helps...
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lncRNA - Long Non-coding RNAs02:39

lncRNA - Long Non-coding RNAs

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In humans, more than 80% of the genome gets transcribed. However, only around 2% of the genome codes for proteins. The remaining part produces non-coding RNAs which includes ribosomal RNAs, transfer RNAs, telomerase RNAs, and regulatory RNAs, among other types. A large number of regulatory non-coding RNAs have been classified into two groups depending upon their length – small non-coding RNAs, such as microRNA, which are less than 200 nucleotides in length, and long non-coding RNA...
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Nuclear Export of mRNA02:31

Nuclear Export of mRNA

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Before mRNAs are exported to the cytoplasm, it is crucial to check each mRNA for structural and functional integrity. Eukaryotic cells use several different mechanisms, collectively known as mRNA surveillance, to look for irregularities in mRNAs. Irregular or aberrant mRNA are rapidly degraded by various enzymes. If a defective mRNA escapes the surveillance, it would be translated into a protein which would either be non-functional or not function properly. One of the primary irregularities in...
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siRNA - Small Interfering RNAs02:30

siRNA - Small Interfering RNAs

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Small interfering RNAs, or siRNAs, are short regulatory RNA molecules that can silence genes post-transcriptionally, as well as the transcriptional level in some cases. siRNAs are important for protecting cells against viral infections and silencing transposable genetic elements.
In the cytoplasm, siRNA is processed from a double-stranded RNA, which comes from either endogenous DNA transcription or exogenous sources like a virus. This double-stranded RNA is then cleaved by the...
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Updated: Jan 20, 2026

Use of Alu Element Containing Minigenes to Analyze Circular RNAs
13:10

Use of Alu Element Containing Minigenes to Analyze Circular RNAs

Published on: March 10, 2020

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Pre-mRNA structures forming circular RNAs.

Justin R Welden1, Stefan Stamm1

  • 1University of Kentucky, 741 South Limestone, Lexington, KY, 40536, United States of America.

Biochimica Et Biophysica Acta. Gene Regulatory Mechanisms
|August 18, 2019
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Circular RNAs are formed by a unique back-splicing mechanism. Intronic pre-mRNA structures, often involving Alu-elements, are crucial for bringing splice sites together, facilitating circular RNA biogenesis.

Keywords:
Alu elementBack-splicingCircular RNAsRNA structure

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Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jan 20, 2026

Use of Alu Element Containing Minigenes to Analyze Circular RNAs
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Identification of Circular RNAs using RNA Sequencing
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Identification of Circular RNAs using RNA Sequencing

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Area of Science:

  • Molecular Biology
  • Genetics
  • RNA Biology

Background:

  • Circular RNAs (circRNAs) are a novel class of RNA molecules formed by the covalent linkage of an RNA's 5' and 3' ends.
  • circRNAs are generated from pre-messenger RNAs (pre-mRNAs) via a process known as back-splicing, distinct from canonical linear splicing.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To elucidate the mechanisms underlying circular RNA formation, focusing on the role of pre-mRNA structures.
  • To investigate how secondary structures and protein interactions influence the back-splicing efficiency.

Main Methods:

  • Analysis of pre-mRNA secondary structures and their impact on splice site proximity.
  • Investigation of protein-mediated regulation of back-splicing.
  • Characterization of repetitive elements, such as Alu-elements, in promoting circRNA biogenesis.

Main Results:

  • Back-splicing requires the close proximity of 5' and 3' splice sites, often facilitated by RNA secondary structures formed through base pairing.
  • Proteins can modulate circRNA formation by disrupting RNA structures or promoting back-splicing through multimerization.
  • Human Alu-elements are significant contributors to the structural elements that promote circRNA formation.

Conclusions:

  • Intronic pre-mRNA structures play a pivotal role in the formation of circular RNAs.
  • Both RNA structural elements and protein factors are key regulators of circRNA biogenesis.