Related Experiment Video
Updated: Jan 20, 2026

A Novel Application of Musculoskeletal Ultrasound Imaging
Published on: September 17, 2013
In-phase zero TE musculoskeletal imaging
Mathias Engström1, Graeme McKinnon2, Cristina Cozzini3
1GE Healthcare, Stockholm, Sweden.
Purpose:
To introduce a new method for in-phase zero TE (ipZTE) musculoskeletal MR imaging.
Methods:
ZTE is a 3D radial imaging method, which is sensitive to chemical shift off-resonance signal interference, especially around fat-water tissue interfaces. The ipZTE method addresses this fat-water chemical shift artifact by acquiring each 3D radial spoke at least twice with varying readout gradient amplitude and hence varying effective sampling time. Using k-space-based chemical shift decomposition, the acquired data is then reconstructed into an in-phase ZTE image and an out-of-phase disturbance.
Results:
The ipZTE method was tested for knee, pelvis, brain, and whole-body. The obtained images demonstrate exceptional soft-tissue uniformity free from out-of-phase disturbances apparent in the original ZTE images. The chemical shift decomposition was found to improve SNR at the cost of reduced image resolution.
Conclusion:
The ipZTE method can be used as an averaging mechanism to eliminate fat-water chemical shift artifacts and improve SNR. The method is expected to improve ZTE-based musculoskeletal imaging and pseudo CT conversion as required for PET/MR attenuation correction and MR-guided radiation therapy planning.
Related Concept Videos
Phase Diagrams
Phase Transitions
Inductance: Single-Phase And Three-Phase Line
Single-Phase Two-Wire Line:
A single-phase line consists of two solid cylindrical conductors, denoted as x and y. Each conductor carries phasor currents ix and iy, respectively. Given that the sum of these currents is...
Capacitance: Single-Phase And Three-Phase Line
Single-Phase Lines
Consider a single-phase, two-wire transmission line with equal phase spacing energized by a voltage source. One conductor carries a uniform positive charge, while the other carries an equal negative charge. The capacitance C of the line can be derived from the voltage V between the conductors. For a one-meter section of the line, the capacitance is given...
Phase Changes
A substance melts or freezes at a temperature called its melting point and boils or condenses at its boiling point. These temperatures depend on pressure. High pressure favors the denser form of the substance, so typically, high pressure...
Phase-lead and Phase-lag Controllers

