Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Antigen Processing Pathways01:31

Antigen Processing Pathways

2.1K
MHC molecules are key players in the immune response, enabling T cells to recognize and respond to specific antigens. They are present on the surface of all nucleated cells in the body and are instrumental in presenting antigens to T cells and activating them. T cells recognize the MHC-antigen complex and initiate an immune response. MHC class I and MHC class II are two main types of MHC molecules, each associated with a distinct antigen processing pathway.
MHC Class I: Presenting Endogenous...
2.1K
C4 Pathway and CAM01:27

C4 Pathway and CAM

48.8K
Most plants use the C3 pathway for carbon fixation. However, some plants, such as sugar cane, corn, and cacti that grow in hot conditions, use alternative pathways to fix carbon and conserve energy loss due to photorespiration. Photorespiration is the process that occurs when the oxygen concentration is high. Under such conditions, the rubisco enzyme in the Calvin cycle binds O2 instead of CO2, which halts photosynthesis and consumes energy.
C4 Pathway
The C4 pathway is used by plants such as...
48.8K
Association Areas of the Cortex01:21

Association Areas of the Cortex

9.0K
Association areas are regions of the cerebral cortex that do not have a specific sensory or motor function. Instead, they integrate and interpret information from various sources to enable higher cognitive processes such as memory, learning, and decision-making. Some key association areas include the following:
Prefrontal Association Area: This area is located in the frontal lobe and is involved in planning, decision-making, and moderating social behavior. It connects with primary motor areas,...
9.0K
Other Glycolytic Pathways01:24

Other Glycolytic Pathways

839
The pentose phosphate pathway (PPP) operates in parallel with glycolysis, facilitating the metabolism of both pentoses and glucose. This pathway consists of two distinct phases: the oxidative and non-oxidative phases. While it does not directly generate ATP, the intermediates formed during the process can integrate into glycolysis, contributing to cellular energy metabolism when required.Oxidative Phase: NADPH ProductionThe oxidative phase of the pentose phosphate pathway is primarily...
839
Respiration Pathways01:26

Respiration Pathways

720
Cellular respiration is a fundamental metabolic process that enables organisms to generate energy from organic molecules. One of its central pathways is the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle, also known as the Krebs cycle, which plays a crucial role in energy production and biosynthetic processes.Conversion of Pyruvate to Acetyl-CoAThe pyruvate generated from glycolysis undergoes oxidative decarboxylation by the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex, producing acetyl-CoA, one molecule of NADH, and one...
720
Auditory Pathway01:15

Auditory Pathway

7.1K
Auditory pathways constitute the complex neural circuits responsible for transmitting and interpreting auditory information from the peripheral auditory system to the brain. Sound waves are initially captured by the outer ear, funneled through the ear canal, and reach the tympanic membrane (eardrum). These vibrations are transmitted via the middle ear's ossicles to the inner ear's cochlea.
When viewed cross-sectionally, the cochlea reveals the scala vestibuli and scala tympani flanking...
7.1K

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Retrograde transduction of dopaminergic cells in substantia nigra of the rhesus monkey.

Scientific reports·2026
Same author

Spatiotemporal Decoding of Explore-Exploit Decisions in the Human Brain.

bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology·2026
Same author

Risk reshapes amygdala representation of choice.

Neuron·2026
Same author

Synthetic serum markers enable noninvasive monitoring of gene expression in primate brains.

Neuron·2026
Same author

Retrograde transduction of dopaminergic cells in substantia nigra of rhesus monkey.

bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology·2026
Same author

Risk reshapes amygdala representation of choice.

bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology·2025
Same journal

Dynamic coordination and segregation mechanisms in higher cortex for parallel task processing.

Neuron·2026
Same journal

Higher-order thalamic bursts are drivers of attention control.

Neuron·2026
Same journal

Composing trajectories for rapid inference of navigational goals.

Neuron·2026
Same journal

Peri-head distance coding in the mouse brainstem.

Neuron·2026
Same journal

A two-timepoint framework for sensitive and specific single-cell activity screening.

Neuron·2026
Same journal

From first impressions to bonds: The neural dynamics of social relationships.

Neuron·2026
See all related articles

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 20, 2026

A Pressure Injection System for Investigating the Neuropharmacology of Information Processing in Awake Behaving Macaque Monkey Cortex
09:46

A Pressure Injection System for Investigating the Neuropharmacology of Information Processing in Awake Behaving Macaque Monkey Cortex

Published on: March 14, 2016

8.7K

Of Pathways, Processes, and Orbitofrontal Cortex.

Vincent D Costa1

  • 1Department of Behavioral Neuroscience, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA; Oregon National Primate Research Center, Portland, OR 97006, USA.

Neuron
|August 23, 2019
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

The orbitofrontal cortex (OFC) and its connections are crucial for learning from rewards and punishments. This study precisely maps these pathways to understand their distinct roles in reinforcement learning.

More Related Videos

Bovine Ovarian Cortex Tissue Culture
06:32

Bovine Ovarian Cortex Tissue Culture

Published on: January 14, 2021

5.4K
A Pathway Association Study Tool for GWAS Analyses of Metabolic Pathway Information
05:01

A Pathway Association Study Tool for GWAS Analyses of Metabolic Pathway Information

Published on: July 1, 2020

3.7K

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jan 20, 2026

A Pressure Injection System for Investigating the Neuropharmacology of Information Processing in Awake Behaving Macaque Monkey Cortex
09:46

A Pressure Injection System for Investigating the Neuropharmacology of Information Processing in Awake Behaving Macaque Monkey Cortex

Published on: March 14, 2016

8.7K
Bovine Ovarian Cortex Tissue Culture
06:32

Bovine Ovarian Cortex Tissue Culture

Published on: January 14, 2021

5.4K
A Pathway Association Study Tool for GWAS Analyses of Metabolic Pathway Information
05:01

A Pathway Association Study Tool for GWAS Analyses of Metabolic Pathway Information

Published on: July 1, 2020

3.7K

Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Behavioral Neuroscience
  • Computational Neuroscience

Background:

  • The orbitofrontal cortex (OFC) plays a key role in predicting action outcomes and updating expectations based on experienced results.
  • Understanding the specific neural circuits involved in reinforcement learning is essential for deciphering decision-making processes.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To precisely ablate pathways connecting the OFC, amygdala, and nucleus accumbens.
  • To elucidate the separable contributions of these interconnected regions to reinforcement learning.

Main Methods:

  • Precise pathway ablation in rodent models.
  • Behavioral analysis of reinforcement learning tasks.
  • Neuroanatomical tracing techniques.

Main Results:

  • Demonstrated distinct roles for OFC-amygdala and OFC-nucleus accumbens pathways in reinforcement learning.
  • Identified specific contributions of these circuits to outcome prediction and expectation updating.

Conclusions:

  • The OFC utilizes distinct pathways to the amygdala and nucleus accumbens for different aspects of reinforcement learning.
  • This research provides a finer-grained understanding of the neural architecture supporting adaptive decision-making.