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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 20, 2026

Cooling an Optically Trapped Ultracold Fermi Gas by Periodical Driving

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Published on: March 30, 2017

Kirkpatrick-Baez active optics system at FERMI: system performance analysis.

Lorenzo Raimondi¹, Michele Manfredda¹, Nicola Mahne²

¹Elettra - Sincrotrone Trieste, SS 14 km 163.5 in Area Science Park, 34149 Trieste, Italy.

Journal of Synchrotron Radiation

|September 7, 2019

Summary

The upgraded Kirkpatrick-Baez Active Optics Systems (KAOS) at the FERMI free-electron laser facility achieved a 1.8µm x 2.4µm focal spot. This enhancement improves stability and repeatability for EUV-SXR experiments.

Keywords:

FERMI Kirkpatrick–Baez WISEr active optics system wavefront sensor

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Area of Science:

X-ray optics
Free-electron laser technology
Materials science

Background:

The FERMI facility utilizes Kirkpatrick-Baez (KB) optics for focusing free-electron laser (FEL) pulses.
Previous KB systems required mechanical modifications for improved stability and repeatability.
The KAOS project aimed to refurbish and enhance the existing KB active optics systems.

Purpose of the Study:

To report on the final results of the upgraded KAOS at the FERMI facility.
To detail the mechanical modifications and performance improvements of the KB active optics.
To validate the enhanced optical performance through simulations and experimental measurements.

Main Methods:

Mechanical refurbishment of the KB active optics system.
Optical performance simulation using the WISEr code, incorporating mirror metrology.
Alignment optimization using a wavefront sensor (WFS) and Zernike wavefront expansion.
Focal spot characterization via WFS data back-propagation and PMMA ablation analysis.

Main Results:

The upgraded KAOS system demonstrated improved stability and repeatability.
Simulations using WISEr provided a reference for optical system optimization.
Wavefront sensor measurements enabled precise alignment and curvature adjustment of mirrors.
Experimental validation confirmed a focal spot of 1.8µm × 2.4µm at 4.14 nm wavelength on the FEL2 line.

Conclusions:

The mechanically refurbished KAOS system significantly enhances focusing capabilities at FERMI.
The multi-technique alignment approach is effective for optimizing X-ray optics performance.
The achieved focal spot size is crucial for advanced experiments at low-wavelength FELs.