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Related Concept Videos

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An ionic compound is stable because of the electrostatic attraction between its positive and negative ions. The lattice energy of a compound is a measure of the strength of this attraction. The lattice energy (ΔHlattice) of an ionic compound is defined as the energy required to separate one mole of the solid into its component gaseous ions. For the ionic solid sodium chloride, the lattice energy is the enthalpy change of the process:
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The elements in groups of the periodic table exhibit similar chemical behavior. This similarity occurs because the members of a group have the same number and distribution of electrons in their valence shells.
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The structure of a crystalline solid, whether a metal or not, is best described by considering its simplest repeating unit, which is referred to as its unit cell. The unit cell consists of lattice points that represent the locations of atoms or ions. The entire structure then consists of this unit cell repeating in three dimensions. The three different types of unit cells present in the cubic lattice are illustrated in Figure 1.
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In ordinary chemical reactions, the nucleus — which contains the protons and neutrons of each atom and thus identifies the element — remains unchanged. Electrons, however, can be added to atoms by transfer from other atoms, lost by transfer to other atoms, or shared with other atoms. The transfer and sharing of electrons among atoms govern the chemistry of the elements. During the formation of some compounds, atoms gain or lose electrons to form electrically charged particles called...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 20, 2026

Trends in Lattice Energy: Ion Size and Charge
02:54

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Correlation-Driven Charge Order in a Frustrated Two-Dimensional Atom Lattice.

F Adler1, S Rachel2,3, M Laubach3

  • 1Physikalisches Institut and Würzburg-Dresden Cluster of Excellence ct.qmat, Universität Würzburg, D-97074 Würzburg, Germany.

Physical Review Letters
|September 7, 2019
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Researchers discovered electronic charge order in lead (Pb) on silicon (Si(111)), driven by electron correlations, not atomic configuration as previously thought. This finding clarifies the 3x3 reconstruction and opens doors for novel quantum states.

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Last Updated: Jan 20, 2026

Trends in Lattice Energy: Ion Size and Charge
02:54

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Atomic Radii and Effective Nuclear Charge
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Lattice Centering and Coordination Number
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Area of Science:

  • Surface Science
  • Condensed Matter Physics
  • Materials Science

Background:

  • The ground state of lead (Pb) on silicon (Si(111)) exhibits a complex 3x3 reconstruction.
  • Previous theoretical studies suggested specific atomic configurations, but experimental evidence remained debated.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the electronic and atomic structure of the Pb/Si(111) system.
  • To determine the driving forces behind the observed surface reconstruction.
  • To explore the potential for exotic quantum phenomena in this material system.

Main Methods:

  • Scanning tunneling microscopy (STM) and spectroscopy (STS) were employed to probe the electronic and atomic properties.
  • An extended variational cluster approach was used for theoretical modeling.
  • Experimental data was compared with theoretical predictions to elucidate the underlying physics.

Main Results:

  • Electronic charge order was detected, distinct from the atomic configuration.
  • The atomic configuration was identified as 1-down-2-up, contradicting prior density functional theory predictions.
  • A phase diagram was mapped, revealing electron correlations as the primary driver of the charge-ordered state.

Conclusions:

  • Electron correlations are the dominant factor in the charge-ordered state of Pb/Si(111).
  • The study resolves long-standing questions regarding the origin of the 3x3 reconstruction.
  • The Pb/Si(111) system offers a tunable platform for exploring exotic states, including chiral topological superconductivity.