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Introduction to Membrane Traffic01:44

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The ER, Golgi apparatus, endosomes, and lysosomes work in tandem to modify, sort, and package proteins and lipids. An integrated membrane trafficking network facilitates the back and forth shuttling of molecules within different organelles in the same cell or across the cell membrane.
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The chemical and physical properties of plasma membranes cause them to be selectively permeable. Since plasma membranes have both hydrophobic and hydrophilic regions, substances need to be able to transverse both regions. The hydrophobic area of membranes repels substances such as charged ions. Therefore, such substances need special membrane proteins to cross a membrane successfully. In  facilitated transport, also known as facilitated diffusion, molecules and ions travel across a...
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The term "intelligence" is complex because it refers to both behavior and individuals, and its interpretation varies across cultures. European Americans tend to link intelligence with reasoning and cognitive skills, while in Kenya, it is tied to responsible participation in family and social life. In Uganda, intelligence is seen as the ability to know the right actions and carry them out effectively, while the Iatmul people of Papua New Guinea associate it with the capacity to remember...
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In contrast to passive transport, active transport involves a substance being moved through membranes in a direction against its concentration or electrochemical gradient. There are two types of active transport: primary active transport and secondary active transport. Primary active transport utilizes chemical energy from ATP to drive protein pumps that are embedded in the cell membrane. With energy from ATP, the pumps transport ions against their electrochemical gradients—a direction...
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One example of how cells use the energy contained in electrochemical gradients is demonstrated by glucose transport into cells. The ion vital to this process is sodium (Na+), which is typically present in higher concentrations extracellularly than in the cytosol. Such a concentration difference is due, in part, to the action of an enzyme “pump” embedded in the cellular membrane that actively expels Na+ from a cell. Importantly, as this pump contributes to the high concentration of...
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Towards a Fog-Enabled Intelligent Transportation System to Reduce Traffic Jam.

Celso A R L Brennand1,2, Geraldo P Rocha Filho3, Guilherme Maia4

  • 1Federal Rural University of Pernambuco (UFRPE), UAST, Gregorio Ferraz Nogueira Av., Serra Talhada, Pernambuco 56909-535, Brazil. celso.brennand@ufrpe.br.

Sensors (Basel, Switzerland)
|September 14, 2019
PubMed
Summary

FOXS, a novel traffic service, reduces urban congestion using Fog computing. This system significantly cuts down vehicle stop time, CO2 emissions, and route planning delays, improving traffic flow.

Keywords:
fog computingintelligent transport systemmobile edge computingvehicular networks

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Area of Science:

  • Computer Science
  • Traffic Engineering
  • Environmental Science

Background:

  • Urban traffic congestion leads to significant economic losses, wasted time, and increased pollution.
  • Existing traffic management systems often struggle with scalability and real-time responsiveness.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To propose and evaluate FOXS (Fast Offset Xpath Service), a novel distributed traffic service for urban congestion control.
  • To leverage the Fog computing paradigm for enhanced traffic management capabilities.

Main Methods:

  • FOXS classifies roads and suggests alternative routes to vehicles in a distributed manner.
  • The system is modeled using Fog computing, utilizing its low latency, load balancing, and scalability.
  • Performance is evaluated in two realistic urban scenarios.

Main Results:

  • FOXS demonstrated up to a 70% reduction in vehicle stop time.
  • CO2 emissions were reduced by up to 29%, and the planning time index decreased by up to 49%.
  • Communication metrics showed improvements, with up to 11.5% fewer packet collisions and up to 30% lower application delay.

Conclusions:

  • FOXS effectively mitigates urban traffic congestion problems.
  • The Fog computing approach offers significant advantages for real-time, distributed traffic management.
  • The proposed service provides a scalable and efficient solution for reducing environmental impact and improving traffic flow.