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Related Concept Videos

What is Weather?01:07

What is Weather?

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Global Climate Change01:50

Global Climate Change

Throughout its ~4.5 billion year history, the Earth has experienced periods of warming and cooling. However, the current drastic increase in global temperatures is well outside of the Earth’s cyclic norms, and evidence for human-caused global climate change is compelling. Paleoclimatology, the study of ancient climate conditions, provides ample evidence for human-caused global climate change by comparing recent conditions with those in the past.
Temperature Measurement Sites01:14

Temperature Measurement Sites

A thermometer measures body temperature. The common sites for measuring body temperature are the oral cavity, axillary region, temporal artery, and skin surface, such as the forehead, abdomen, and axilla. True core body temperature is assessed in the rectum, tympanic membrane, pulmonary artery, esophagus, and urinary bladder.
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Precipitation Gravimetry

Precipitation gravimetry is based on converting an analyte into a sparingly soluble precipitate, which is separated by filtration and weighed. An ideal precipitate should be pure, insoluble, of known composition, and easily filtered from the reaction mixture.
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Precipitation Processes

The experimental conditions in a gravimetric analysis should be optimized to maximize the particle size and purity of the obtained precipitate. Ideally, the concentration of the precipitating reagent should be low with effective stirring to maintain low relative supersaturation for the growth of large crystals. In homogeneous precipitation, the precipitant is slowly generated by a chemical reaction in the solution to avoid local reagent excesses. For example, urea decomposes gradually to...
Precipitation and Co-precipitation01:17

Precipitation and Co-precipitation

Precipitation and coprecipitation methods can be used to separate a mixture of ions in a solution. In qualitative inorganic analysis, ions that form sparingly soluble precipitates with the same reagent are separated based on the differences in solubility products. For example, consider the separation of Cu(II) and Fe(II) ions by precipitation as insoluble sulfides. First, copper(II) sulfide is precipitated by the addition of acidic H2S, where the dissociation of H2S is suppressed. Adding H2S...

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New Model for Weather Stations Integrated to Intelligent Meteorological Forecasts in Brasilia.

Thomas Alexandre da Silva1, Andre L M Serrano1, Erick R C Figueiredo1

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This study introduces a low-cost, solar-powered Automatic Weather Station (AWS) using ESP-32, advanced sensors, and AI forecasting for Brasilia. The system provides accurate 24-hour weather predictions, proving effective for climate monitoring and agriculture.

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Area of Science:

  • Environmental Science
  • Electrical Engineering
  • Computer Science

Background:

  • Traditional weather stations can be expensive and complex.
  • There is a need for localized, low-cost environmental monitoring solutions.
  • Advancements in microcontrollers and sensor technology enable new possibilities.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop and validate a low-cost, solar-powered Automatic Weather Station (AWS) for Brasilia.
  • To integrate modern sensors and an open-source system for comprehensive environmental data collection.
  • To implement an intelligent forecasting model for accurate 24-hour multivariate weather predictions.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized ESP-32 microcontroller with compact, multifunctional sensors (BME688, AS7331, VEML7700, AS3935) for environmental parameters.
  • Developed an open-source firmware and open-circuit board design for the AWS.
  • Integrated photovoltaic panels and batteries for uninterrupted operation.
  • Employed a Web API to adapt the MZDN-HF (Meteorological Zone Delimited Neural Network-Hourly Forecaster) model for Brasilia.
  • Collected data via WiFi and evaluated forecast accuracy using MAE, RMSE, and R² metrics.

Main Results:

  • The solar-powered AWS demonstrated robust hardware performance.
  • The system showed a strong correlation with established meteorological data (INMET's A001).
  • The integrated forecasting model produced accurate 24-hour multivariate predictions for Brasilia.
  • The system is suitable for real-time climate monitoring and environmental research.

Conclusions:

  • The proposed low-cost AWS model is a viable solution for localized weather monitoring.
  • The integration of advanced sensors and AI forecasting enhances prediction accuracy.
  • This system supports applications in precision agriculture, climate research, and environmental management.