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Related Concept Videos

Predicting Products: SN1 vs. SN202:27

Predicting Products: SN1 vs. SN2

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Nucleophilic substitution reactions of alkyl halides can proceed via an SN1 or an SN2 mechanism. While in SN2 reactions, the nucleophile attacks the substrate simultaneously as the leaving group departs, in SN1 reactions, the substrate first dissociates to give the carbocation intermediate. Various factors such as the structure of the substrate, the strength of the nucleophile, and the nature of the solvent promote one mechanism over the other.
With increased substitution on the alkyl halide,...
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1° Amines to Diazonium or Aryldiazonium Salts: Diazotization with NaNO2 Overview01:26

1° Amines to Diazonium or Aryldiazonium Salts: Diazotization with NaNO2 Overview

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Nitrous acid and nitric acids are two types of acids containing nitrogen, among which nitrous acid is weaker than nitric acid. Nitrous acid with a pKa value of 3.37 ionizes in water to give a nitrite ion and the hydronium ion.
The nitrous acid is unstable. Hence, it is formed in situ from a solution of sodium nitrite and cold aqueous acids such as hydrochloric or sulfuric acid. In an acidic solution, the –OH group of nitrous acid undergoes protonation to give oxonium ion, followed by...
3.9K
1° Amines to Diazonium or Aryldiazonium Salts: Diazotization with NaNO2 Mechanism01:37

1° Amines to Diazonium or Aryldiazonium Salts: Diazotization with NaNO2 Mechanism

4.8K
Nitrous acid is a relatively weak and unstable acid prepared in situ by the reaction of sodium nitrite and cold, dilute hydrochloric acid. In an acidic solution, the nitrous acid undergoes protonation when it loses water to form a nitrosonium ion—an electrophile. Nitrous acid reacts with primary amines to give diazonium salts. The reaction is called diazotization of primary amines.
4.8K
Cercosporin-Photocatalyzed [4+1]- and [4+2]-Annulations of Azoalkenes Under Mild Conditions07:12

Cercosporin-Photocatalyzed [4+1]- and [4+2]-Annulations of Azoalkenes Under Mild Conditions

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New routes for the synthesis of nitrogen-containing heterocycles utilizing cercosporin as a metal-free photocatalyst were...
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Studying Soft-matter and Biological Systems over a Wide Length-scale from Nanometer and Micrometer Sizes at the Small-angle Neutron Diffractometer KWS-211:27

Studying Soft-matter and Biological Systems over a Wide Length-scale from Nanometer and Micrometer Sizes at the Small-angle Neutron Diffractometer KWS-2

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Here, we present a protocol to investigate soft matter and biophysical systems over a wide mesoscopic length scale, from nm to µm that involves the use of the KWS-2 SANS diffractometer at high intensities and an adjustable...
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Metabolic Labeling of Leucine Rich Repeat Kinases 1 and 2 with Radioactive Phosphate11:31

Metabolic Labeling of Leucine Rich Repeat Kinases 1 and 2 with Radioactive Phosphate

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Leucine rich repeat kinases 1 and 2 (LRRK1 and LRRK2) are multidomain proteins which encode both GTPase and kinase domains and which are phosphorylated in cells. Here, we present a protocol to label LRRK1 and LRRK2 in cells with 32P orthophosphate, thereby providing a means to measure their overall cellular phophorylation...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 19, 2026

Predicting Products: SN1 vs. SN2
02:27

Predicting Products: SN1 vs. SN2

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Moving Beyond System 1 and System 2.

Jan De Houwer1

  • 1Department of Experimental Clinical and Health Psychology, Ghent University, Belgium.

Experimental Psychology
|September 19, 2019
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Relational knowledge is key to higher cognition and even seemingly simple processes like conditioning. This research suggests relational knowledge impacts a wider range of cognitive functions than previously thought.

Keywords:
Pavlovian conditioningcognitiondual-system modelshabitsimplicit evaluationrelational knowledge

More Related Videos

Cercosporin-Photocatalyzed [4+1]- and [4+2]-Annulations of Azoalkenes Under Mild Conditions
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Studying Soft-matter and Biological Systems over a Wide Length-scale from Nanometer and Micrometer Sizes at the Small-angle Neutron Diffractometer KWS-2
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Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jan 19, 2026

Predicting Products: SN1 vs. SN2
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Predicting Products: SN1 vs. SN2

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Cercosporin-Photocatalyzed [4+1]- and [4+2]-Annulations of Azoalkenes Under Mild Conditions
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Cercosporin-Photocatalyzed [4+1]- and [4+2]-Annulations of Azoalkenes Under Mild Conditions

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Studying Soft-matter and Biological Systems over a Wide Length-scale from Nanometer and Micrometer Sizes at the Small-angle Neutron Diffractometer KWS-2
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Studying Soft-matter and Biological Systems over a Wide Length-scale from Nanometer and Micrometer Sizes at the Small-angle Neutron Diffractometer KWS-2

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Area of Science:

  • Cognitive Psychology
  • Neuroscience
  • Behavioral Science

Background:

  • Relational knowledge is traditionally viewed as foundational for higher cognitive functions like reasoning and language.
  • Dual-system models propose distinct properties for cognitive systems, often excluding simpler phenomena from relational processing.
  • This perspective limits the understanding of the pervasive role of relational knowledge in cognition.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To challenge the limited scope of dual-system models regarding relational knowledge.
  • To present evidence that relational knowledge underlies a broader range of psychological phenomena.
  • To explore the implications of this expanded view for understanding and influencing behavior.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review and theoretical analysis.
  • Examination of evidence from diverse psychological domains.
  • Synthesis of findings to support a unified view of relational knowledge.

Main Results:

  • Evidence suggests Pavlovian conditioning, implicit evaluation, and habitual responding are mediated by relational knowledge.
  • Relational knowledge appears to underpin fast, unintentional, unconscious, and associative processes.
  • The impact of relational knowledge extends beyond higher cognition.

Conclusions:

  • Relational knowledge plays a more extensive role in cognition than commonly assumed.
  • Dual-system models may underestimate the universality of relational processing.
  • Recognizing the broad impact of relational knowledge opens new avenues for behavioral intervention.