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Drug delivery methods like oral inhalation, nasal sprays, transdermal patches, eye drops, intravitreal injection,  and rectal administration provide localized effects with reduced toxicity.
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Stimulants are substances that enhance neural activity and elevate dopamine levels in the brain, leading to their highly addictive nature. These drugs include cocaine, amphetamines, MDMA, caffeine, and nicotine, each with distinct mechanisms of action and varied health implications.
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The enteral drug administration involves three primary routes: oral, sublingual, and buccal. Oral ingestion is the most prevalent, safe, economical, and convenient method for drug administration. However, it has certain drawbacks, including limited absorption due to the drug's low water solubility or poor membrane permeability, possible emesis from GI mucosa irritation, destruction of drugs by digestive enzymes or low gastric pH, and irregular absorption along with food or other drugs.
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Nicotinic receptors are ligand-gated ion channels that are activated by acetylcholine and nicotine. Upon activation, they cause a rapid increase in the permeability of cells to K+, Na+, and Ca2+, followed by depolarization and excitation. They are in the autonomic ganglia, skeletal neuromuscular junction, CNS, and adrenal medulla.
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Updated: Jan 19, 2026

Comparing the Effects of Electronic Cigarette Vapor and Cigarette Smoke in a Novel In Vivo Exposure System
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Novel Nicotine Delivery Systems.

P S Kumar1, P Clark2, M C Brinkman3

  • 1College of Dentistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA.

Advances in Dental Research
|September 21, 2019
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Electronic nicotine delivery systems (ENDS), or e-cigarettes, are increasingly popular. E-cigarette use alters the oral microbiome, increasing risks for oral diseases and potentially leading to addiction.

Keywords:
DNA sequencingbacteriaelectronic nicotine delivery systemshabituationmicrobiologytobacco products

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Area of Science:

  • Oral Health
  • Microbiology
  • Public Health

Background:

  • Electronic nicotine delivery systems (ENDS) are popular, especially among adolescents.
  • Nicotine exposure during youth can cause irreversible brain changes, predisposing to addiction.
  • ENDS use is linked to increased cigarette smoking initiation and reduced quitting success.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the impact of e-cigarette use on the oral microbiome.
  • To assess changes in oral microbial composition and function associated with ENDS use.

Main Methods:

  • Analysis of oral microbiome composition and function in ENDS users versus non-users.
  • Evaluation of microbial shifts, including opportunistic pathogens and virulence factors.

Main Results:

  • E-cigarette use is associated with significant shifts in oral microbiome composition.
  • An increase in opportunistic pathogens and enhanced virulence traits was observed in ENDS users.
  • These changes occurred in both periodontitis patients and periodontally healthy individuals.

Conclusions:

  • Electronic nicotine delivery systems use alters the oral microbiome, promoting a dysbiotic environment.
  • This oral dysbiosis may contribute to the development or exacerbation of oral diseases like periodontitis.
  • ENDS use renormalizes behaviors associated with smoking and poses risks to oral health.