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Related Concept Videos

Cerebrum: Anatomical Overview II01:11

Cerebrum: Anatomical Overview II

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Each cerebral hemisphere can be divided into three main regions. The outermost region, the cerebral cortex, is a thin layer (2 to 4 millimeters thick) made up of gray matter, consisting of neuron cell bodies, dendrites, glial cells, and blood vessels. The middle region, or white matter, is primarily composed of myelinated nerve fibers organized into three types of large tracts: association fibers, commissures, and projection fibers. Association fibers connect different areas within the same...
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Cerebrum: Anatomical Overview I01:26

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The main and largest component of the human brain is the cerebrum. The cerebrum consists of two main parts: the cerebral cortex, an outer layer with wrinkles or folds known as gyri and shallow grooves called sulci, and a deeper region beneath it. The cerebrum divides into two distinct hemispheres and contains five different lobes: the frontal, parietal, temporal, occipital, and insula. The central sulcus separates the frontal and parietal lobes and two functionally important gyri — the...
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Lobes of the Cerebrum01:22

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The cerebral cortex, a critical structure of the brain, is intricately divided into two hemispheres, each consisting of four distinct lobes: occipital, temporal, frontal, and parietal. These lobes function cooperatively to regulate various cognitive and sensory functions, forming the basis of our complex neural capabilities.
Frontal lobe
The frontal lobes, located behind the forehead, are the command center of our brain, controlling personality, intelligence, and voluntary muscle movements....
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Motor and Sensory Areas of the Cortex01:14

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The cerebral cortex, the brain's outermost layer, is pivotal in processing complex cognitive tasks, emotions, and various sensory inputs and executing voluntary motor activities. This intricate structure is divided into three primary functional areas: the motor areas, sensory areas, and association areas.
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Association Areas of the Cortex01:21

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Association areas are regions of the cerebral cortex that do not have a specific sensory or motor function. Instead, they integrate and interpret information from various sources to enable higher cognitive processes such as memory, learning, and decision-making. Some key association areas include the following:
Prefrontal Association Area: This area is located in the frontal lobe and is involved in planning, decision-making, and moderating social behavior. It connects with primary motor areas,...
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Somatosensory, Motor, and Association Cortex01:23

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The somatosensory cortex in the parietal lobes is crucial for interpreting sensory data such as touch, temperature, and proprioception. The somatosensory cortex, situated in the parietal lobes, plays a vital role in interpreting sensory information like touch, temperature, and proprioception—awareness of body position. This specialized brain region features an organized structure wherein neurons at the top primarily process sensations originating from the lower body. In contrast, those at...
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Related Experiment Video

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Ex utero Electroporation and Whole Hemisphere Explants: A Simple Experimental Method for Studies of Early Cortical Development
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Development and Arealization of the Cerebral Cortex.

Cathryn R Cadwell1, Aparna Bhaduri2, Mohammed A Mostajo-Radji2

  • 1Department of Anatomic Pathology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA.

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This review explores how the brain

Keywords:
autismbrain developmentcerebral cortexhuman brainmachine learningneural networksneurogenesisprotocortexprotomapserial homology

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Developmental Biology

Background:

  • Adult cortical areas exhibit specialized cell types and circuits for cognitive functions.
  • The development of this regional diversity from a uniform neuroepithelium is a long-standing research question.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review early developmental processes underlying cortical arealization.
  • To propose an integrated model of how intrinsic and extrinsic factors shape functional brain areas.
  • To explore implications for understanding neural networks and neurodevelopmental disorders.

Main Methods:

  • Review of existing literature on cortical development.
  • Integration of findings from traditional research and single-cell transcriptomics.
  • Synthesis of intrinsic (protomap) and extrinsic (protocortex) mechanisms.

Main Results:

  • Early transcriptomic differences in excitatory neurons establish broad proto-regions.
  • Activity-dependent mechanisms refine these regions and form sharp boundaries.
  • An integrated model of serial homology is proposed.

Conclusions:

  • Cortical arealization involves a combination of genetic programs, local factors, and activity-dependent refinement.
  • Understanding these developmental processes is crucial for studying functional neural networks.
  • This knowledge can inform research into neurodevelopmental disorders.