In Situ Generated Plasmonic Silver Nanoparticle-Sensitized Amorphous Titanium Dioxide for Ultrasensitive...

Trace concentration of formaldehyde can damage human health and environment. Consequently, it is of great significance to develop an ultrasensitive sensor for its determination. Herein, an ingenious and efficient photoelectrochemical sensor for formaldehyde was constructed by amorphous TiO₂ hollow spheres incorporated with Ag⁺ ions, which were brought about by silica template etching and then the exchange of Ag⁺/Na⁺ ions. The amorphous TiO₂ acted the dual role of Ag⁺ ion probe carriers and photoelectric materials. Upon exposure to the increased concentration of formaldehyde, the Ag nanoparticles were produced in situ, and photocurrent amplification was then achieved in a proportional manner. It is attributed to the injection of hot electrons from plasmonic Ag nanoparticles into the conduction band of amorphous titanium dioxide and therefore enhanced the photocurrent. The linear relationship between 1 and 400 pmol L^-1 resulted from the enhanced photocurrent and increased concentration of formaldehyde, and the detection limit was 0.4 pmol L^-1. Benefiting from an in situ and unique sensitization strategy, this photoelectrochemical sensor exhibited many advantages such as sensitivity, selectivity, cost-effectiveness, convenience of fabrication, low power consumption, and stability.