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Models of Health Promotion and Illness Prevention II01:18

Models of Health Promotion and Illness Prevention II

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The person's health status fluctuates continually, varying from being in good health to becoming ill and returning to being healthy. To understand the concept of illness prevention, there are two models. First, the health-illness continuum model is a graphic representation of an individual's wellness. It states that a person is considered healthy in the absence of physical disease and the presence of good emotional health.
The agent-host-environment model states that disease results...
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Models of Health Promotion and Illness Prevention I01:25

Models of Health Promotion and Illness Prevention I

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A model is a theoretical way to understand a concept or an idea. Models can overcome barriers to health regardless of diverse economic and cultural backgrounds. In addition, models make the task easier by providing different ways to approach complex issues. There are two major health promotion models: the health belief model and the health promotion model.
The health belief model (HBM) attempts to predict health-related behavior in specific belief patterns. According to the HBM, a person's...
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Levels of Health Promotion and Illness Prevention01:26

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Health promotion allows a person to control the determinants of health, resulting in an improved health status. It enhances the quality of life and reduces premature deaths. Health promotion and illness prevention programs help people make beneficial choices to reduce the risk of disease and disabilities. There are three health promotion and illness prevention levels: primary, secondary, and tertiary prevention.
In primary prevention, actions taken before disease onset prevent the disease from...
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Stress Prevention and Stress Management Techniques I01:26

Stress Prevention and Stress Management Techniques I

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Stress prevention and management are crucial for maintaining well-being and building resilience. Techniques to manage stress include cultivating qualities like conscientiousness, a sense of personal control, and self-efficacy. Each of these traits significantly reduces stress and promotes healthier lifestyle choices and outcomes.
Conscientiousness
Conscientious individuals tend to be organized, responsible, and disciplined. They prioritize completing tasks and following structured routines,...
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Factors Affecting Illness01:18

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When a person's physical, emotional, intellectual, social development or spiritual functioning is compromised, this deviation from a healthy normal state is called illness. Illness creates stress that in turn harms individuals. Irritation, anger, denial, hopelessness, and fear are behavioral and emotional changes an individual experiences in the phases of illness. A variety of factors influence a person's health and well-being.
For instance, risk factors are connected to illness,...
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Stress Prevention and Stress Management Techniques VI01:30

Stress Prevention and Stress Management Techniques VI

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Adopting a healthier lifestyle often requires overcoming significant challenges, but leveraging psychological, social, and cultural resources can facilitate meaningful change. Effective self-change hinges on understanding and applying key tools such as motivation and goal setting, which help sustain efforts toward long-term health benefits.
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Motivation, the driving force behind behavior, plays a pivotal role at every stage of the change process. The research...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 18, 2026

Mindfulness in Motion MIM: An Onsite Mindfulness Based Intervention MBI for Chronically High Stress Work Environments to Increase Resiliency and Work Engagement
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Mindfulness in Motion MIM: An Onsite Mindfulness Based Intervention MBI for Chronically High Stress Work Environments to Increase Resiliency and Work Engagement

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What do Workplace Wellness Programs do? Evidence from the Illinois Workplace Wellness Study.

Damon Jones1, David Molitor2, Julian Reif2

  • 1University of Chicago and NBER.

The Quarterly Journal of Economics
|October 1, 2019
PubMed
Summary

Workplace wellness programs show little evidence of reducing medical costs or improving productivity. While screening rates increased, the programs did not significantly impact overall health or spending in a large employee study.

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Area of Science:

  • Occupational Health
  • Health Services Research
  • Behavioral Economics

Background:

  • Workplace wellness programs are widespread, aiming to cut costs and boost productivity.
  • However, empirical evidence supporting their effectiveness remains limited.
  • Selection bias is a concern, as healthier individuals may be more likely to participate.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To rigorously evaluate the causal impact of a comprehensive workplace wellness program.
  • To assess effects on medical expenditures, health behaviors, productivity, and well-being.
  • To investigate the role of financial incentives and individual-level randomization.

Main Methods:

  • A randomized controlled trial involving nearly 5,000 employees at a large employer.
  • Individual-level assignment to program eligibility and financial incentives.
  • Longitudinal data collection and analysis over two years post-intervention.

Main Results:

  • Participants exhibited healthier behaviors and lower medical spending prior to the intervention (selection bias).
  • The program significantly increased health screening rates.
  • No significant causal effects were found on total medical expenditures, other health behaviors, productivity, or self-reported health status.

Conclusions:

  • Workplace wellness programs may not yield the intended reductions in medical spending or improvements in productivity.
  • Selection into these programs is substantial, complicating interpretation of non-randomized studies.
  • Further research is needed to identify effective components of workplace health interventions.