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Updated: Jan 18, 2026

Midface Hypoplasia and Cranial Base Morphology in Syndromic Craniosynostosis: A Comparative Analysis Study Using a Predictive Regression Model
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Recent advances in trigonocephaly.

C Mocquard1, S Aillet1, L Riffaud2

  • 1Department of Plastic Surgery, université de Rennes, CHU de Rennes, 35000 Rennes, France.

Neuro-Chirurgie
|October 1, 2019
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

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Trigonocephaly prevalence has increased, with frequent neurodevelopmental disorders and chromosomal abnormalities. Advances in endoscopic surgery offer reduced morbidity but require objective outcome evaluation.

Area of Science:

  • Craniofacial surgery
  • Pediatric neurosurgery
  • Medical genetics

Background:

  • Trigonocephaly, a craniosynostosis, has seen increased prevalence over the past two decades.
  • Previous reports on craniosynostosis were published in 2006, necessitating an update on recent advancements.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review recent advances in trigonocephaly research.
  • To focus on epidemiology, neurodevelopmental disorders, genetics, and surgical techniques.

Main Methods:

  • Systematic review adhering to PRISMA guidelines.
  • Analysis of forty research reports.
  • Focused research on epidemiology, neurodevelopmental disorders, genetics, and surgical techniques.

Main Results:

Keywords:
EpidemiologyGeneticNeurodevelopmental disordersSurgeryTrigonocephaly

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  • Trigonocephaly prevalence has risen in Europe and the US, with unidentified contributing factors.
  • Neurodevelopmental disorders are common, affecting up to 34% of non-syndromic cases.
  • SMAD6 mutations and chromosomal abnormalities are significant genetic factors; endoscopic surgery reduces morbidity.

Conclusions:

  • Increased trigonocephaly prevalence necessitates greater involvement from neurosurgeons and plastic surgeons.
  • Cytogenetic alterations are likely underestimated, highlighting the importance of genetic counseling.
  • Objective evaluation methods for surgical outcomes, especially for minimally invasive techniques, are needed.