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The Effect of Aging on Tissues01:19

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Several body functions deteriorate with age. The external signs of aging are easily identifiable. For example, the skin becomes dry, less elastic, and thins out, forming wrinkles. The skin of the face begins to appear looser due to a decrease in the levels of elastic and collagen fibers in the connective tissue. Additionally, melanin production in the hair follicle decreases with age, resulting in gray hair. Moreover, the senses of sight and hearing decline, so glasses and hearing aids may...
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Mitochondria are eukaryotic cellular organelles that are known to produce energy through a process called oxidative phosphorylation. Besides their primary function, mitochondria are involved in various cellular processes, including cell growth, differentiation, signaling, metabolism, and senescence. Age-related changes cause a decline in mitochondrial quality and integrity due to increased mitochondrial mutations and oxidative damage. Thus, aging can severely impact mitochondrial functions,...
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Aging is a complex biological phenomenon influenced by various processes that affect cellular and systemic functions. Several prominent theories attempt to explain its mechanisms, highlighting cellular limitations, oxidative damage, and hormonal changes as central factors in aging.
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Age-related pharmacokinetic changes are extensively documented, but understanding age-related pharmacodynamic alterations is relatively limited. This knowledge gap can be partly attributed to the complexity of developing appropriate measures of drug responses compared to bioanalytical methods for determining drug concentrations.Most information regarding age-related differences in human pharmacodynamics originates from cross-sectional studies. However, these studies assume that observed mean...
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The mitochondrial electron transport chain (ETC) is the main energy generation system in the eukaryotic cells. However, mitochondria also produce cytotoxic reactive oxygen species (ROS) due to the large electron flow during oxidative phosphorylation. While Complex I is one of the primary sources of superoxide radicals, ROS production by Complex II is uncommon and may only be observed in cancer cells with mutated complexes.
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Commentary on Some Recent Theses Relevant to Combating Aging: October 2019.

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    Area of Science:

    • Oncology
    • Immunology
    • Neuroscience
    • Ophthalmology
    • Biotechnology

    Background:

    • Cancer stem cell extravasation mechanisms are complex.
    • Chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) macrophages offer novel cancer immunotherapy potential.
    • Network approaches provide insights into Alzheimer's disease etiology.
    • Myelin and glial pathology are implicated in aging and cognitive decline.
    • Endothelial cell stiffening contributes to age-related macular degeneration.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To review recent advancements in diverse biomedical research areas.
    • To highlight novel therapeutic strategies and etiological insights.
    • To explore the role of cellular mechanics and molecular pathways in disease.

    Main Methods:

    • Review of current theses and research findings.
    • Analysis of network approaches in healthy aging.
    • Investigation of myelin clearance in non-human primates.
    • Development of phosphatidylserine-based nanoparticles.
    • Examination of endothelial cell biomechanics.

    Main Results:

    • Angiopellosis facilitates cancer and stem cell extravasation.
    • CAR macrophages demonstrate promise in cancer immunotherapy.
    • Network analysis reveals insights into Alzheimer's disease.
    • Faulty myelin clearance is observed in aging rhesus monkeys.
    • Phosphatidylserine nanoparticles aid tolerance induction.
    • Endothelial cell stiffening is linked to dry age-related macular degeneration.

    Conclusions:

    • Diverse research areas show significant progress.
    • Novel therapeutic targets and diagnostic approaches are emerging.
    • Understanding cellular and molecular mechanisms is crucial for disease intervention.