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Related Concept Videos

Scaling01:26

Scaling

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In designing and analyzing filters, resonant circuits, or circuit analysis at large, working with standard element values like 1 ohm, 1 henry, or 1 farad can be convenient before scaling these values to more realistic figures. This approach is widely utilized by not employing realistic element values in numerous examples and problems; it simplifies mastering circuit analysis through convenient component values. The complexity of calculations is thereby reduced, with the understanding that...
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John H. Renwick first coined the term “synteny” in 1971, which refers to the genes present on the same chromosomes, even if they are not genetically linked. The species with common ancestry tend to show conserved syntenic regions. Therefore, the concept of synteny is nowadays used to describe the evolutionary relationship between species.
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The endosymbiont theory is the most widely accepted theory of eukaryotic evolution; however, its progression is still somewhat debated. According to the nucleus-first hypothesis, the ancestral prokaryote first evolved a membrane to enclose DNA and form the nucleus. Conversely, the mitochondria-first hypothesis suggests that the nucleus was formed after endosymbiosis of mitochondria.
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Genome comparison is one of the excellent ways to interpret the evolutionary relationships between organisms. The basic principle of genome comparison is that if two species share a common feature, it is likely encoded by the DNA sequence conserved between both species. The advent of genome sequencing technologies in the late 20th century enabled scientists to understand the concept of conservation of domains between species and helped them to deduce evolutionary relationships across diverse...
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In 1882, Flemming observed lampbrush chromosomes (LBC) in salamander eggs. Later in 1892, Rückert observed LBCs in shark egg cells and coined the term "lampbrush chromosomes" because they looked like brushes used to clean kerosene lamps.
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Bacterial and archaeal cells exhibit remarkable diversity in shape and structure, critical in their adaptability and functionality. Among bacteria, the most commonly observed shapes include cocci and bacilli. Cocci are spherical and may exist singly or in groupings such as pairs (diplococci), chains (streptococci), clusters (staphylococci), or tetrads. Bacilli, in contrast, are rod-shaped and can also occur as single cells, in pairs, or chains, depending on their environmental and genetic...
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Related Experiment Video

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Experimental Manipulation of Body Size to Estimate Morphological Scaling Relationships in Drosophila
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Linking scaling laws across eukaryotes.

Ian A Hatton1, Andy P Dobson2,3, David Storch4,5

  • 1Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544; i.a.hatton@gmail.com.

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
|October 9, 2019
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Metabolism and abundance show reciprocal scaling across eukaryotes, supporting energetic equivalence. However, growth and mortality scaling challenge metabolic theories, suggesting growth dynamics may drive biological scaling patterns.

Keywords:
biological scalingmacroecologymetabolic theory

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Area of Science:

  • Ecology
  • Evolutionary Biology
  • Theoretical Biology

Background:

  • Universal scaling laws link body mass to species characteristics in biology.
  • Metabolism, abundance, growth, and mortality often follow power laws, typically attributed to metabolic constraints.
  • Existing theories lack cross-eukaryote testing and formal links between these four variables.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To test metabolic scaling theories across all eukaryotes.
  • To examine the links between metabolism, abundance, growth, and mortality.
  • To determine if observed scaling patterns support theoretical expectations.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized comprehensive datasets covering all eukaryotes.
  • Analyzed scaling laws for metabolism, abundance, growth, and mortality against body size.
  • Tested for reciprocal scaling and energetic equivalence across species.

Main Results:

  • Metabolism and abundance exhibit reciprocal scaling with body size (exponents near ±3/4 within groups, ±1 across groups), supporting energetic equivalence.
  • Growth and mortality rates show similar scaling (exponents near ±1/4) both within and across taxonomic groups.
  • Findings contradict a purely metabolic basis for growth and mortality scaling.

Conclusions:

  • Energetic equivalence is supported across eukaryotes through reciprocal metabolism-abundance scaling.
  • Growth and mortality scaling patterns are inconsistent with prevailing metabolic theories.
  • Metabolism may adjust to growth needs, suggesting growth dynamics as a basis for biological scaling.