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Gradually Varying Flow01:29

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Gradually varying flow (GVF) in open channels describes situations where water depth changes slowly along the channel due to factors like non-uniform bed slope, channel shape variations, or obstructions. This flow type occurs when the depth adjusts gradually to balance gravitational forces, shear forces, and energy requirements, resulting in a low rate of depth change.Characteristics of Gradually Varying FlowGVF is commonly observed in natural streams, rivers, and canals, where flow depth...
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To calculate the flow rate for a trapezoidal channel, first, identify the bottom width, side slope, and flow depth of the channel. The cross-sectional area (A) corresponding to the depth of flow (y), channel bottom width (B), and side slope (θ) is determined by:Next, calculate the wetted perimeter, which includes the bottom width and the sloped side lengths in contact with the water. Using the values of the cross-sectional area and the wetted perimeter, determine the hydraulic radius by...
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Steady Flow of a Fluid Stream01:27

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Consider a control volume, such as a pipe with solid boundaries, through which fluid flows and changes direction due to the impulse exerted by the resulting force from the pipe walls. In steady flow, the mass of fluid entering the control volume at a given time, t, with velocity v1, is equal to the mass leaving after infinitesimal time dt, with velocity v2.
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Uniform depth channel flow keeps fluid depth consistent along channels such as irrigation canals. In natural channels, such as rivers, approximate uniform flow is often assumed. This condition occurs when the channel’s bottom slope matches the energy slope, balancing potential energy lost from gravity with head loss due to shear stress. This balance prevents depth changes along the channel length, resulting in a steady, uniform flow.Uniform flow in open channels with a constant cross-section...
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In vitro Assessment of Aortic Regurgitation Using Four-Dimensional Flow Magnetic Resonance Imaging
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Combining position-based dynamics and gradient vector flow for 4D mitral valve segmentation in TEE sequences.

Lennart Tautz1,2, Lars Walczak3,4, Joachim Georgii3

  • 1Fraunhofer MEVIS, Bremen, Germany. lennart.tautz@mevis.fraunhofer.de.

International Journal of Computer Assisted Radiology and Surgery
|October 11, 2019
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

A new 4D segmentation method accurately analyzes mitral valve geometry and surgical changes using 3D+t transesophageal echocardiography (TEE). This 4D segmentation aids in planning and assessing minimally invasive valve repair procedures.

Keywords:
EchocardiographyMitral valvePosition-based dynamicsSegmentationTracking

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Area of Science:

  • Medical Imaging
  • Cardiovascular Surgery
  • Computational Anatomy

Background:

  • 3D+t transesophageal echocardiography (TEE) is crucial for planning minimally invasive mitral valve repair.
  • Current methods assess valve geometry and function only in selected cardiac phases.
  • Quantitative assessment across all heart phases is needed for comprehensive surgical guidance.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop a novel 4D segmentation method for mitral valve analysis.
  • To enable quantitative assessment of valve geometry and pathological properties in all heart phases.
  • To evaluate surgical changes in mitral valve repair using 4D TEE data.

Main Methods:

  • A tracking-based approach combining gradient vector flow (GVF) and position-based dynamics (PBD).
  • Propagating an open-state valve surface model to the closed state using GVF.
  • Ensuring topological consistency with PBD during leaflet deformation.

Main Results:

  • The segmentation method achieved an average point-to-surface distance of [Formula: see text].
  • Qualitative assessment showed satisfactory or passable results in 9 out of 10 cases.
  • Segmentation of each TEE sequence was completed within 2-6 minutes.

Conclusions:

  • The developed 4D segmentation method effectively analyzes mitral valves in TEE data.
  • It allows quantification of orifice area and coaptation zone in normal and pathological valves.
  • This facilitates better planning and surgical result assessment for mitral valve repair.