Search research articles

ABOUT JoVE

Overview Leadership Blog JoVE Help Center

AUTHORS

Publishing Process Editorial Board Scope & Policies Peer Review FAQ Submit

LIBRARIANS

Testimonials Subscriptions Access Resources Library Advisory Board FAQ

RESEARCH

JoVE Journal Methods Collections JoVE Encyclopedia of Experiments Archive

EDUCATION

JoVE Core JoVE Business JoVE Science Education JoVE Lab Manual Faculty Resource Center Faculty Site

Terms & Conditions of Use

Related Concept Videos

Bacterial Flora of the Large Intestine

Bacterial Flora of the Large Intestine

The gut microbiome is formed by a vast and diverse community of bacteria that colonizes our large intestine. These bacteria start residing in the gut from birth and continue diversifying throughout life, influenced by factors such as diet, lifestyle, and stress. The gut bacterial community also includes bacteria from food and those that enter the colon through the anus.
The normal gut flora of the colon plays a critical role in generating essential vitamins such as vitamins K, B5, and B7.

Bacterial Phylum Firmicutes

Bacterial Phylum Firmicutes

Firmicutes is a diverse phylum of Gram-positive bacteria characterized by a low GC content in their genomes. This phylum includes organisms with monoderm or diderm cell envelopes, highlighting a complex evolutionary history. Firmicutes comprises several major orders, including Lactobacillales, Clostridiales, and Bacillales, which exhibit remarkable diversity in their morphology, metabolism, and ecological roles.The order Lactobacillales includes lactic acid bacteria, which are fermentative...

Anatomy of the Intestines

Anatomy of the Intestines

Although digestion of proteins, carbohydrates, and lipids may begin in the stomach, it is completed in the intestine. The absorption of nutrients, water, and electrolytes from food and drink also occurs in the intestine. The intestines can be divided into two structurally distinct organs—the small and large intestines.
Small Intestines
The small intestine is an ~7 meter-long tube with an inner diameter of just 2.5 cm. Since most nutrients are absorbed here, the inner lining of the...

Defense Mechanism Against Infection

Defense Mechanism Against Infection

Natural flora, body system defenses, and inflammation are natural barriers of the body against infectious agents regardless of previous exposure. Normal floras of the human body refer to the microbial population that colonizes the skin and mucous membranes.
In addition, many body organ systems have unique defenses against infection. The skin is an intact, multilayered surface preventing invasion by microorganisms unless impaired. Mucous membranes lining the mouth, nose, and eyelids are barriers...

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by

Same author

Evidence-Based Clinical Recommendations for the Appropriate Use of Diagnostic Tests in Pediatric Allergology: Focus on Asthma, Rhinoconjunctivitis, and Keratoconjunctivitis Vernal.

Journal of clinical medicine·2026

Same author

Emerging Paediatric Uses of Dupilumab Beyond Approvals.

Clinical and experimental allergy : journal of the British Society for Allergy and Clinical Immunology·2026

Same author

Hypertransaminasemia Is a Marker of Severity in Children Hospitalized for Influenza.

Influenza and other respiratory viruses·2026

Same author

Biological drugs for the treatment of children with atopic dermatitis.

Expert opinion on biological therapy·2026

Same author

Health inequities in pediatric anaphylaxis: A policy framework and call to action for equitable care from SIAIP allergy prevention commission.

Pediatric allergy and immunology : official publication of the European Society of Pediatric Allergy and Immunology·2026

Same author

Novelties in the pragmatic management of anaphylaxis in pediatric age.

European journal of pediatrics·2026

Same journal

Establishment of a CT-based prediction model for endotracheal tube size in infants aged <1 year.

Frontiers in pediatrics·2026

Same journal

Case Report: Subcutaneous sensor-augmented insulin pump therapy in a 510-g preterm infant with hyperglycemia.

Frontiers in pediatrics·2026

Same journal

Association between glucolipid metabolic indicators and the risk of suspected precocious puberty in children living with obesity: a retrospective cohort study.

Frontiers in pediatrics·2026

Same journal

Clinical and imaging features of tufted angioma in children.

Frontiers in pediatrics·2026

Same journal

Transcriptome-Inferred metabolic subtypes define prognostic and immune ecosystems in osteosarcoma at single-cell resolution.

Frontiers in pediatrics·2026

Same journal

Efficacy and anthropometric predictors of negative-pressure therapy for recurrent concealed penis in pediatric patients.

Frontiers in pediatrics·2026

See all related articles

Search research articles

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 5, 2026

Assessing the Viability of a Synthetic Bacterial Consortium on the In Vitro Gut Host-microbe Interface

Assessing the Viability of a Synthetic Bacterial Consortium on the In Vitro Gut Host-microbe Interface

Published on: July 4, 2018

Lower Airway Microbiota.

Giulio Pulvirenti¹, Giuseppe Fabio Parisi¹, Alessandro Giallongo¹

¹Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Catania, Catania, Italy.

Frontiers in Pediatrics

|October 16, 2019

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

The lung microbiota, once thought sterile, harbors diverse microbes influencing health. Further research is needed to understand its role in airway diseases and potential therapeutic applications.

Keywords:

airway asthma immunity infections lung microbiome microbiota probiotics

More Related Videos

Noninvasive Sampling of Mucosal Lining Fluid for the Quantification of In Vivo Upper Airway Immune-mediator Levels

Noninvasive Sampling of Mucosal Lining Fluid for the Quantification of In Vivo Upper Airway Immune-mediator Levels

Published on: August 7, 2017

Studying Microbial Communities In Vivo: A Model of Host-mediated Interaction Between Candida Albicans and Pseudomonas Aeruginosa in the Airways

Studying Microbial Communities In Vivo: A Model of Host-mediated Interaction Between Candida Albicans and Pseudomonas Aeruginosa in the Airways

Published on: January 13, 2016

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jan 5, 2026

Assessing the Viability of a Synthetic Bacterial Consortium on the In Vitro Gut Host-microbe Interface

Assessing the Viability of a Synthetic Bacterial Consortium on the In Vitro Gut Host-microbe Interface

Published on: July 4, 2018

Noninvasive Sampling of Mucosal Lining Fluid for the Quantification of In Vivo Upper Airway Immune-mediator Levels

Noninvasive Sampling of Mucosal Lining Fluid for the Quantification of In Vivo Upper Airway Immune-mediator Levels

Published on: August 7, 2017

Studying Microbial Communities In Vivo: A Model of Host-mediated Interaction Between Candida Albicans and Pseudomonas Aeruginosa in the Airways

Studying Microbial Communities In Vivo: A Model of Host-mediated Interaction Between Candida Albicans and Pseudomonas Aeruginosa in the Airways

Published on: January 13, 2016

Area of Science:

Microbiology
Immunology
Pulmonology

Background:

The lung was historically considered sterile, but recent studies reveal a complex microbial community in healthy airways.
This lung microbiota is primarily derived from the upper airways and shows distinct compositions in diseases like asthma.
While the gut microbiota's immune role is known, the lung microbiota's connection to local and systemic immunity is less understood.

Purpose of the Study:

To review and update current knowledge on airway microbiota.
To explore the relationship between lung microbiota and immune system modulation.
To discuss the potential causes and consequences of lung microbiota dysbiosis in airway diseases.

Main Methods:

Literature review of recent studies on lung and airway microbiota.
Analysis of findings on microbial composition in healthy and diseased lungs.
Discussion of immunological implications and potential therapeutic avenues.

Main Results:

The lower airways of healthy individuals are colonized by a diverse microbial population, predominantly Proteobacteria, Firmicutes, and Bacteroidetes.
Altered lung microbiota composition is correlated with certain diseases, but causality remains unclear.
The link between lung microbiota and immune responses is an emerging area of research.

Conclusions:

Understanding lung microbiota is crucial for respiratory health.
More research, including prospective studies, is needed to elucidate the role of lung microbiota in airway diseases.
Therapeutic strategies targeting lung microbiota, such as probiotics, are in early stages of investigation.