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Olfaction01:25

Olfaction

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The sense of smell is achieved through the activities of the olfactory system. It starts when an airborne odorant enters the nasal cavity and reaches olfactory epithelium (OE). The OE is protected by a thin layer of mucus, which also serves the purpose of dissolving more complex compounds into simpler chemical odorants. The size of the OE and the density of sensory neurons varies among species; in humans, the OE is only about 9-10 cm2.
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Sample Handling01:02

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Transportation of samples from the collection point to the laboratory, as well as storage and preservation techniques, are crucial for maintaining sample integrity and ensuring accurate and reliable test results.
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Tactile senses encompass touch, temperature, and pain, each mediated by specific receptors. Touch receptors detect mechanical energy or pressure against the skin. Sensory fibers from these receptors enter the spinal cord and relay information to the brain stem. Here, most fibers cross over to the opposite side of the brain. The touch information then moves to the thalamus, which projects a map of the body's surface onto the somatosensory areas of the parietal lobes in the cerebral cortex.
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Physiology of Smell and Olfactory Pathway01:20

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Humans detect odors with the help of specialized cells located in the upper part of the nasal cavity, called olfactory receptor neurons (ORNs). ORNs possess hair-like structures called cilia, which are receptive to sensations from the inhaled air. When an odorant molecule binds to a specific receptor on the cell of the cilia, it leads to a series of events that ultimately cause the ORN to send electrical signals to the olfactory bulb in the brain through the olfactory nerves.
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Preparation of Samples for Electron Microscopy01:20

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To be visualized by an electron microscope, either transmission or scanning, biological samples need to be fixed (stabilized) so the electron beam does not destroy them and dried thoroughly (desiccated/dehydrated) so the vacuum does not affect them. Fixation needs to be done as quickly as possible because the sample properties will start changing as soon as it is removed from its natural environment. For example, in a tissue sample, the oxygen levels begin decreasing, causing an altered...
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Olfactory Receptors: Location and Structure01:03

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The process of olfaction, also known as the sense of smell, is a sophisticated chemical response system. The specialized sensory neurons that facilitate this process, known as olfactory receptor neurons, are situated in an upper segment of the nasal cavity, known as the olfactory epithelium. Olfactory sensory neurons are bipolar, with their dendrites extending from the epithelium's apex into the mucus that lines the nasal cavity. Airborne molecules, when inhaled, traverse the olfactory...
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Olfactory Context Dependent Memory: Direct Presentation of Odorants
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Preserve Your Books through the Smell.

Marta I S Veríssimo, João A B P Oliveira, Dmitry V Evtuguin

    ACS Sensors
    |October 25, 2019
    PubMed
    Summary

    An electronic nose analyzes volatile organic compounds (VOCs) from books to identify paper type and degradation. This non-destructive method accurately replaces traditional destructive tests for paper analysis and conservation.

    Keywords:
    acoustic wave sensor arraycultural heritageelectronic nosenon-destructive analysispapervolatile organic compounds

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    Area of Science:

    • Analytical Chemistry
    • Materials Science
    • Conservation Science

    Background:

    • Effective preventive conservation of paper and books requires identification of paper composition, pH, degradation signs, and volatile organic compounds (VOCs).
    • Sampling restrictions in cultural heritage analysis necessitate non-destructive, solvent-free analytical techniques.
    • Traditional methods for paper analysis can be destructive and limited by sampling constraints.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To develop and validate a non-destructive analytical technique for assessing paper properties and degradation.
    • To utilize an electronic nose for analyzing VOCs emitted from books, offering an alternative to destructive testing.

    Main Methods:

    • Assembly of a six-coated piezoelectric quartz crystal electronic nose for VOC analysis.
    • Application of sensor coatings and cluster analysis for discriminating paper types and degradation states.
    • Detection of specific VOCs, including furfural, a marker of cellulose degradation.

    Main Results:

    • The electronic nose successfully distinguished between cotton/linen rag and wood pulp papers.
    • It differentiated between alkaline and acidic paper stocks.
    • The system identified early signs of paper degradation, such as yellowing, and detected furfural at low levels.

    Conclusions:

    • The developed electronic nose provides a non-destructive and effective method for paper analysis, replacing traditional destructive tests.
    • This technology aids in preventive conservation by identifying paper composition, pH, and degradation.
    • The electronic nose offers a sensitive and potentially more cost-effective alternative to complex instruments like gas chromatography-mass spectrometry for certain analyses.