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Nonpharmacologic Management of Pain During Common Needle Puncture Procedures in Infants: Current Research Evidence
Carol McNair1, Marsha Campbell-Yeo2, Celeste Johnston3
1Nursing and Child Health Evaluative Sciences, The Hospital for Sick Children, 555 University Avenue, Toronto M5G 1X8, Canada.
Abstract:
Infants undergo painful procedures involving skin puncture as part of routine medical care. Pain from needle puncture procedures is suboptimally managed. Numerous nonpharmacologic interventions are available that may be used for these painful procedures, including swaddling/containment, pacifier/non-nutritive sucking, rocking/holding, breastfeeding and breastmilk, skin-to-skin care, sweet tasting solutions, music therapy, sensorial saturation, and parental presence. Adoption these interventions into routine clinical practice is feasible and should be a standard of care in quality health care for infants. This review summarizes the epidemiology of pain from common needle puncture procedures in infants, the effectiveness of nonpharmacologic interventions, implementation considerations, and unanswered questions.
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