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    We developed a compact chip for single-photon detection and laser pulsing, enabling smaller Near Infrared Spectroscopy (NIRS) devices. This miniaturized probe eliminates optical fibers for improved clinical applications.

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    Area of Science:

    • Photonics and Optoelectronics
    • Biomedical Engineering
    • Integrated Circuit Design

    Background:

    • Near Infrared Spectroscopy (NIRS) hardware typically relies on bulky components and optical fibers.
    • Miniaturization of NIRS devices is crucial for enhanced clinical adoption and broader applications.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To design and present a miniaturized probe integrating silicon photomultiplier (SiPM) and light-pulsing electronics on a single complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor (CMOS) chip.
    • To reduce the overall size of NIRS optodes and eliminate the need for optical fibers.

    Main Methods:

    • Integration of a fast pulse-laser driver and synchronized single-photon detection circuit within a 2x2 mm² CMOS chip.
    • Assembly of the integrated circuit on a printed circuit board (PCB) and a 2.5D silicon interposer platform.
    • Interfacing the chip with a silicon photomultiplier (SiPM) and a vertical-cavity surface-emitting laser (VCSEL).

    Main Results:

    • Successful design and integration of essential functional blocks for photon pulse generation and detection on a single chip.
    • Demonstration of on-chip photon pulse counting or external processing using time-correlated single photon counting (TCSPC).
    • Significant reduction in optode size and elimination of optical fibers due to optimized optical interfaces.

    Conclusions:

    • The developed miniaturized probe facilitates clinical adoption of NIRS technology.
    • This integrated approach has the potential to significantly alter the landscape of commercially available NIRS hardware.