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Metal-Ligand Bonds

Metal-Ligand Bonds

The hemoglobin in the blood, the chlorophyll in green plants, vitamin B-12, and the catalyst used in the manufacture of polyethylene all contain coordination compounds. Ions of the metals, especially the transition metals, are likely to form complexes.
In these complexes, transition metals form coordinate covalent bonds, a kind of Lewis acid-base interaction in which both of the electrons in the bond are contributed by a donor (Lewis base) to an electron acceptor (Lewis acid). The Lewis acid in...

Valence Bond Theory

Valence Bond Theory

Coordination compounds and complexes exhibit different colors, geometries, and magnetic behavior, depending on the metal atom/ion and ligands from which they are composed. In an attempt to explain the bonding and structure of coordination complexes, Linus Pauling proposed the valence bond theory, or VBT, using the concepts of hybridization and the overlapping of the atomic orbitals. According to VBT, the central metal atom or ion (Lewis acid) hybridizes to provide empty orbitals of suitable...

Coordination Number and Geometry

Coordination Number and Geometry

For transition metal complexes, the coordination number determines the geometry around the central metal ion. Table 1 compares coordination numbers to molecular geometry. The most common structures of the complexes in coordination compounds are octahedral, tetrahedral, and square planar.

Coordination Compounds and Nomenclature

Coordination Compounds and Nomenclature

In most main group element compounds, the valence electrons of the isolated atoms combine to form chemical bonds that satisfy the octet rule. For instance, the four valence electrons of carbon overlap with electrons from four hydrogen atoms to form CH4. The one valence electron leaves sodium and adds to the seven valence electrons of chlorine to form the ionic formula unit NaCl (Figure 1a). Transition metals do not normally bond in this fashion. They primarily form coordinate covalent bonds, a...

Colors and Magnetism

Colors and Magnetism

Color in Coordination Complexes
When atoms or molecules absorb light at the proper frequency, their electrons are excited to higher-energy orbitals. For many main group atoms and molecules, the absorbed photons are in the ultraviolet range of the electromagnetic spectrum, which cannot be detected by the human eye. For coordination compounds, the energy difference between the d orbitals often allows photons in the visible range to be absorbed and emitted, which is seen as colors by the human...

Structural Isomerism

Structural Isomerism

Isomerism in Complexes
Isomers are different chemical species that have the same chemical formula. Structural isomerism of coordination compounds can be divided into two subcategories, the linkage isomers and coordination-sphere isomers.
Linkage isomers occur when the coordination compound contains a ligand that can bind to the transition metal center through two different atoms. For example, the CN− ligand can bind through the carbon atom or through the nitrogen atom. Similarly, SCN− can...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 4, 2026

Isotopic Effect in Double Proton Transfer Process of Porphycene Investigated by Enhanced QM/MM Method

Isotopic Effect in Double Proton Transfer Process of Porphycene Investigated by Enhanced QM/MM Method

Published on: July 19, 2019

Multi-Cation Coordination in Porphyrinoids.

Wojciech Stawski¹, Monika Kijewska¹, Miłosz Pawlicki¹

¹Department of Chemistry, University of Wrocław, F. Joliot-Curie 14, 50383, Wrocław, Poland.

Chemistry, an Asian Journal

|November 7, 2019

Summary

This study explores how multiple cations within porphyrinoid macrocycles affect their behavior. Researchers discuss synthetic methods to create these multi-cation structures and their resulting properties.

Keywords:

aromaticity coordination porphyrinoids tetraphyrin triphyrin

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Area of Science:

Supramolecular Chemistry
Coordination Chemistry

Background:

Porphyrinoid macrocycles are known for coordinating central cations, which significantly alter their properties.
While multiple cation incorporation is common in expanded porphyrinoids due to larger coordination spaces, it is more challenging in regular or contracted porphyrinoids.

Purpose of the Study:

To investigate synthetic strategies for incorporating multiple cations into porphyrinoid macrocycles, particularly regular and contracted types.
To analyze how the presence of multiple cations influences the behavior and properties of these macrocyclic structures.

Main Methods:

Discussion of established and novel synthetic routes for multi-cation porphyrinoid synthesis.
Analysis of structure-property relationships in porphyrinoids with varying cation stoichiometries.

Main Results:

Demonstration of synthetic pathways enabling multi-cation incorporation in sterically constrained porphyrinoids.
Observation of significant modifications in the behavior of porphyrinoids upon multiple cation coordination.

Conclusions:

Multiple cation incorporation is achievable in various porphyrinoid systems, offering a route to fine-tune their properties.
The coordination of multiple cations presents a powerful strategy for developing novel functional macrocyclic materials.