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Related Concept Videos

Olfactory Receptors: Location and Structure01:03

Olfactory Receptors: Location and Structure

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The process of olfaction, also known as the sense of smell, is a sophisticated chemical response system. The specialized sensory neurons that facilitate this process, known as olfactory receptor neurons, are situated in an upper segment of the nasal cavity, known as the olfactory epithelium. Olfactory sensory neurons are bipolar, with their dendrites extending from the epithelium's apex into the mucus that lines the nasal cavity. Airborne molecules, when inhaled, traverse the olfactory...
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Olfaction01:25

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The sense of smell is achieved through the activities of the olfactory system. It starts when an airborne odorant enters the nasal cavity and reaches olfactory epithelium (OE). The OE is protected by a thin layer of mucus, which also serves the purpose of dissolving more complex compounds into simpler chemical odorants. The size of the OE and the density of sensory neurons varies among species; in humans, the OE is only about 9-10 cm2.
The olfactory receptors are embedded in the cilia of the...
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Physiology of Smell and Olfactory Pathway01:20

Physiology of Smell and Olfactory Pathway

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Humans detect odors with the help of specialized cells located in the upper part of the nasal cavity, called olfactory receptor neurons (ORNs). ORNs possess hair-like structures called cilia, which are receptive to sensations from the inhaled air. When an odorant molecule binds to a specific receptor on the cell of the cilia, it leads to a series of events that ultimately cause the ORN to send electrical signals to the olfactory bulb in the brain through the olfactory nerves.
The olfactory...
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Pharmacodynamics in Geriatric Patients: Effects of Age01:27

Pharmacodynamics in Geriatric Patients: Effects of Age

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Age-related pharmacokinetic changes are extensively documented, but understanding age-related pharmacodynamic alterations is relatively limited. This knowledge gap can be partly attributed to the complexity of developing appropriate measures of drug responses compared to bioanalytical methods for determining drug concentrations.Most information regarding age-related differences in human pharmacodynamics originates from cross-sectional studies. However, these studies assume that observed mean...
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Pharmacokinetics in Geriatric Patients: Effect of Age on Drug Absorption01:22

Pharmacokinetics in Geriatric Patients: Effect of Age on Drug Absorption

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As individuals age, their body's physiology evolves, affecting drug pharmacokinetics. The most apparent changes occur in the gastrointestinal tract, where an increase in gastric pH, a delay in gastric emptying, and a reduction in gastrointestinal motility are observed. Remarkably, these changes do not substantially modify the absorption of orally administered drugs, particularly those absorbed via passive diffusion.Transdermal drug delivery emerges as a highly viable method for older adults due...
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Aging01:26

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Aging is a complex biological phenomenon influenced by various processes that affect cellular and systemic functions. Several prominent theories attempt to explain its mechanisms, highlighting cellular limitations, oxidative damage, and hormonal changes as central factors in aging.
Cellular Clock Theory
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A Free-breathing fMRI Method to Study Human Olfactory Function
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A Prospective Study on Risk Factors for Olfactory Dysfunction in Aging.

Eva Palmquist1, Maria Larsson1, Jonas K Olofsson1

  • 1Gösta Ekman's Laboratory, Department of Psychology, Stockholm University, Sweden.

The Journals of Gerontology. Series A, Biological Sciences and Medical Sciences
|November 15, 2019
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Olfactory dysfunction (OD) risk increases with age, APOE ε4 allele, atrial fibrillation, cerebrovascular disease, and smoking. Maintaining vascular health and lifestyle may reduce OD incidence.

Keywords:
EpidemiologyLongitudinal designOlfactory impairmentSensory

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Area of Science:

  • Gerontology
  • Neuroscience
  • Epidemiology

Background:

  • Olfactory dysfunction (OD) significantly impacts health and quality of life, with prevalence rising in aging populations.
  • OD may serve as an early indicator for dementia and mortality, necessitating research into its risk factors in older adults.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To longitudinally investigate demographic, genetic, clinical, lifestyle, and cognitive predictors of olfactory dysfunction development in aging individuals.

Main Methods:

  • Analysis of 1,004 participants (aged 60-90) from the Swedish National Study on Aging and Care in Kungsholmen (SNAC-K).
  • Baseline assessment of risk factors and odor identification, with a 6-year follow-up odor identification reassessment.
  • Multivariable logistic regression analyses employed to identify risk factors.

Main Results:

  • 14.2% of participants developed incident OD over 6 years, with incidence increasing with age.
  • Identified risk factors include advanced age, APOE ε4 allele, atrial fibrillation, cerebrovascular disease, and current smoking.
  • Protective factors identified were better baseline olfactory identification and verbal episodic memory.

Conclusions:

  • Nonmodifiable factors (age, genetics) and modifiable factors (vascular health, lifestyle) contribute to OD development.
  • Management of vascular risk factors and healthy lifestyle promotion may mitigate OD incidence in aging populations.