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Related Concept Videos

Cyclohexenones via Michael Addition and Aldol Condensation: The Robinson Annulation01:27

Cyclohexenones via Michael Addition and Aldol Condensation: The Robinson Annulation

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Robinson annulation is a base-catalyzed reaction for the synthesis of 2-cyclohexenone derivatives from 1,3-dicarbonyl donors (such as cyclic diketones, β-ketoesters, or β-diketones) and α,β-unsaturated carbonyl acceptors. Named after Sir Robert Robinson, who discovered it, this reaction yields a six-membered ring with three new C–C bonds (two σ bonds and one π bond).
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Reduction of Alkenes: Asymmetric Catalytic Hydrogenation02:17

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Catalytic hydrogenation of alkenes is a transition-metal catalyzed reduction of the double bond using molecular hydrogen to give alkanes. The mode of hydrogen addition follows syn stereochemistry.
The metal catalyst used can be either heterogeneous or homogeneous. When hydrogenation of an alkene generates a chiral center, a pair of enantiomeric products is expected to form. However, an enantiomeric excess of one of the products can be facilitated using an enantioselective reaction or an...
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Reduction of Alkynes to cis-Alkenes: Catalytic Hydrogenation02:24

Reduction of Alkynes to cis-Alkenes: Catalytic Hydrogenation

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Introduction
Like alkenes, alkynes can be reduced to alkanes in the presence of transition metal catalysts such as Pt, Pd, or Ni. The reaction involves two sequential syn additions of hydrogen via a cis-alkene intermediate.
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Reduction of Alkenes: Catalytic Hydrogenation02:13

Reduction of Alkenes: Catalytic Hydrogenation

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Alkenes undergo reduction by the addition of molecular hydrogen to give alkanes. Because the process generally occurs in the presence of a transition-metal catalyst, the reaction is called catalytic hydrogenation.
Metals like palladium, platinum, and nickel are commonly used in their solid forms — fine powder on an inert surface. As these catalysts remain insoluble in the reaction mixture, they are referred to as heterogeneous catalysts.
The hydrogenation process takes place on the...
13.8K
C–C Bond Formation: Aldol Condensation Overview01:10

C–C Bond Formation: Aldol Condensation Overview

16.0K
Aldol condensation is an important route in synthetic organic chemistry used to generate a new carbon–carbon bond under basic or acidic conditions. The aldol condensation reaction presented in Figure 1 constitutes an aldol addition reaction followed by the dehydration process.
16.0K
Cycloaddition Reactions: Overview01:16

Cycloaddition Reactions: Overview

3.3K
Cycloadditions are one of the most valuable and effective synthesis routes to form cyclic compounds. These are concerted pericyclic reactions between two unsaturated compounds resulting in a cyclic product with two new σ bonds formed at the expense of π bonds. The [4 + 2] cycloaddition, known as the Diels–Alder reaction, is the most common. The other example is a [2 + 2] cycloaddition.
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Recent advances in cobalt-catalysed C-H functionalizations.

Alessio Baccalini1, Stefania Vergura1, Pravas Dolui2

  • 1Department of Chemistry, University of Pavia, Viale Taramelli 10, Pavia 27100, Italy. gz@unipv.it.

Organic & Biomolecular Chemistry
|November 21, 2019
PubMed
Summary

Cobalt catalysis is emerging as a cost-effective alternative to noble metals for C-H functionalization. This review highlights recent advances in cobalt-catalyzed C(sp2)-H and C(sp3)-H bond transformations, including enantioselective methods.

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Area of Science:

  • Organic Chemistry
  • Catalysis
  • Sustainable Chemistry

Background:

  • Noble metal catalysts (Pd, Rh, Ir) traditionally dominate C-H functionalization.
  • Cobalt (Co) offers a more sustainable alternative due to its low cost, availability, and low toxicity.
  • Recent years have seen a surge in Co-catalyzed C-H functionalization research.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review recent advancements in cobalt-catalyzed C-H functionalization reactions.
  • To cover both C(sp2)-H and C(sp3)-H bond functionalizations.
  • To provide a comprehensive overview of enantioselective Co-catalyzed transformations.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of recent developments in Co-catalyzed C-H functionalization.
  • Focus on C(sp2)-H and C(sp3)-H bond activation strategies.
  • Analysis of enantioselective methodologies in Co catalysis.

Main Results:

  • Exponential growth in Co-catalyzed C-H functionalization examples over recent decades.
  • Significant progress in applying Co catalysts to both sp2 and sp3 C-H bonds.
  • Development of enantioselective Co-catalyzed reactions.

Conclusions:

  • Cobalt catalysis is a rapidly advancing and sustainable field for C-H functionalization.
  • Co catalysts are increasingly replacing noble metals in various organic transformations.
  • Enantioselective Co-catalyzed reactions are a key area of ongoing research and development.