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Updated: Jan 3, 2026

Ultrasonography of the Adult Male Urinary Tract for Urinary Functional Testing
Published on: August 14, 2019
Diagnostic Imaging of the Reptile Urinary System
Lauren Schmidt1, Nicola Di Girolamo1, Paolo Selleri2
1Oklahoma State University, Center for Veterinary Health Sciences, Stillwater, OK 74078, USA.
Abstract:
Reptiles can develop various diseases of the urinary tract, including, but not exclusively, urolithiasis, gout, acute and chronic kidney injury, and secondary renal hyperparathyroidism. Diagnostic imaging is instrumental in differentiating and diagnosing these ailments. This article describes the current diagnostic imaging approaches used in reptile medicine for evaluation of urinary tract disease. The use of radiographs, ultrasonography, computed tomography, MRI, and endoscopy is discussed and compared for the evaluation of urinary tract disease in reptiles.
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