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Inflammation01:38

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The inflammatory response is the body's defense against infection, injury, or irritation from bacteria, trauma, toxins, or heat. Inflammation helps locate and destroy pathogens and remove damaged tissue elements to heal the body. During this initial phase, fluid, blood products, and nutrients migrate to the injured area, resulting in redness, heat, swelling, ache, and loss of function. Moreover, signs of systemic inflammation include fever, increased WBC count, malaise, anorexia, nausea,...
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An inflammatory response is a localized, nonspecific immune reaction that occurs when a tissue is injured. It is characterized by redness, swelling, heat, and pain, which are commonly called the cardinal signs and symptoms of inflammation. Inflammation can sometimes result in a loss of function.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 2, 2026

In Vivo Imaging Uncovers the Migratory Behavior of Leukocytes within the Joints
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Biological motion during inflammation in humans.

J Lasselin1, T Sundelin2, P M Wayne3

  • 1Stress Research Institute, Stockholm University, 10691 Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Division for Psychology, Karolinska Institutet, Nobels väg 9, 17177 Stockholm, Sweden; Institute of Medical Psychology and Behavioral Immunobiology, University Hospital Essen, Hufelandstrasse 55, 45122 Essen, Germany.

Brain, Behavior, and Immunity
|December 1, 2019
PubMed
Summary

Systemic inflammation alters human biological motion, causing shorter, slower strides and reduced limb movement. These gait changes, linked to inflammatory markers, signal illness and may be detectable by others or AI.

Keywords:
Biological motionBody temperatureGaitInflammationKinectSickness

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Area of Science:

  • Human physiology
  • Biomedical engineering
  • Perception science

Background:

  • Biological motion provides insights into an individual's internal state.
  • Inflammation can affect gait, posture, and mobility, but specific changes are uncharacterized.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the impact of induced systemic inflammation on human gait and biological motion.
  • To identify specific kinematic and spatio-temporal gait parameters affected by inflammation.

Main Methods:

  • Induced systemic inflammation in 19 healthy volunteers using lipopolysaccharide (LPS).
  • Assessed biological motion parameters (walking speed, stride length/time, joint angles) during walking and Timed-Up-and-Go (TUG) tests.
  • Measured cytokine levels, body temperature, and sickness symptoms.

Main Results:

  • Inflammation led to shorter, slower, wider strides, reduced arm extension, less knee flexion, and a downward head tilt.
  • Participants showed slower TUG performance and a shorter first step.
  • Higher interleukin-6 levels, increased sickness, and lower body temperature correlated with altered motion.

Conclusions:

  • Biological motion parameters clearly reflect an individual's inflammatory status.
  • Observed gait alterations may serve as indicators of sickness, detectable by humans or AI.