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Brain waves are electrical signals generated by the neurons in the brain, which are regularly monitored to measure mental activities. Brain waves and their frequency ranges can be measured using an electroencephalogram or EEG. There are four main types of brain waves, each with distinct characteristics:

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Updated: Jan 2, 2026

Induction and Clinical Scoring of Chronic-Relapsing Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis

Induction and Clinical Scoring of Chronic-Relapsing Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis

Published on: July 4, 2007

Continuous EEG Findings in Autoimmune Encephalitis.

Anna-Marieta Moise^1,2, Ioannis Karakis¹, Aline Herlopian³

¹Department of Neurology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, U.S.A.

Journal of Clinical Neurophysiology : Official Publication of the American Electroencephalographic Society

|December 5, 2019

Summary

Autoimmune encephalitis (AE) has a distinct EEG signature, particularly anti-N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor AE, characterized by generalized rhythmic delta activity plus fast activity. Seizures and specific EEG patterns increase the risk of poor outcomes in AE patients.

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Area of Science:

Neurology
Neurophysiology
Immunology

Background:

Autoimmune encephalitis (AE) is a significant cause of new-onset seizures and new-onset refractory status epilepticus.
Limited research exists on the specific electroencephalogram (EEG) patterns associated with AE.
Understanding AE's EEG signature is crucial for diagnosis and prognosis.

Purpose of the Study:

To investigate the characteristic EEG patterns in patients diagnosed with autoimmune encephalitis.
To identify potential EEG signatures specific to different subtypes of AE.
To determine the prognostic value of EEG findings in AE, including seizures and status epilepticus.

Main Methods:

A multicenter retrospective review was conducted on patients diagnosed with AE.
Continuous EEG monitoring data from these patients were analyzed.
Patients were categorized based on antibody status and AE subtype.

Main Results:

Electrographic seizures were present in 53% of patients, and new-onset refractory status epilepticus occurred in 19%.
Periodic or rhythmic EEG patterns were observed in 63% of patients, with 38% showing plus modifiers.
Generalized rhythmic delta activity plus fast activity, termed extreme delta brush, was significantly associated with anti-N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor AE and predicted poor outcomes, as did seizures and new-onset refractory status epilepticus.

Conclusions:

A specific EEG pattern, generalized rhythmic delta activity plus fast activity (extreme delta brush), is confirmed as a signature for anti-N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor AE.
No other specific EEG patterns were associated with different AE subtypes.
The presence of periodic/rhythmic patterns, seizures, and new-onset refractory status epilepticus independently increased the risk of poor outcomes in AE patients.