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Related Concept Videos

Insulin: Dosing Regimen and Adverse Effects01:16

Insulin: Dosing Regimen and Adverse Effects

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Insulin-replacement therapy usually includes both long-acting insulin (basal) and short-acting insulin (to cater to postprandial needs). In a diverse group of type 1 diabetes patients, the average daily insulin dose is typically 0.5-0.7 units/kg body weight. However, obese patients and pubertal adolescents may need more due to insulin resistance.
The basal dose constitutes about 40%-50% of the total daily dose, with the rest as premeal insulin. The mealtime insulin dose should mirror...
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Insulin Formulations: Types and Delivery01:27

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Insulin preparations are categorized by their duration of action into short-acting and long-acting types. Two strategies are used to modify insulin's absorption and pharmacokinetic profile: slowing the absorption post-subcutaneous injection, or altering human insulin's amino acid sequence or protein structure. These changes retain the insulin's ability to bind to the insulin receptor, but alter its behavior in solution or after injection.
Short-acting insulins are divided into...
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Dosage Regimen: Individualization01:24

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Individualization in dosing regimens is the customization of medication doses for individual patients. Its necessity arises from the goal of maximizing therapeutic benefits while minimizing risks. This approach is pivotal because human responses to drugs can vary widely; what is effective for one person may be inadequate or excessive for another. Interpatient (intersubject) variability refers to differences in drug responses between individuals, while intrapatient (intrasubject) variability...
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Insulin: Biosynthesis, Chemistry, and Preparation01:25

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The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) of pancreatic β-cells synthesizes preproinsulin, which consists of a signal peptide, A and B chains, and a C-peptide. Preproinsulin is then cleaved and folded into proinsulin, which translocates to the Golgi apparatus for sorting and packaging into secretory granules. In these granules, enzymatic clipping generates insulin and C-peptide.
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Drug Dosing: Obese Patients01:21

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In the United States, obesity is a prominent concern. It is linked to heightened mortality rates due to increased occurrences of conditions such as hypertension, atherosclerosis, coronary artery disease, and diabetes compared to nonobese individuals. A patient is classified as obese if their actual body weight surpasses the ideal or desirable body weight by 20%, based on Metropolitan Life Insurance Company data. Ideal body weights consider average weights and heights for males and females...
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Determination of Multiple Dosing Parameters: Loading and Maintenance Doses01:25

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A loading dose is an essential pharmacological strategy to rapidly achieve the target plasma drug concentration necessary for an immediate therapeutic effect. This approach is especially critical for drugs characterized by slow absorption or extended half-lives, where delaying therapeutic plasma levels could compromise treatment outcomes. By administering a loading dose, clinicians ensure a prompt onset of drug action, even for agents with complex pharmacokinetic profiles.Achieving steady-state...
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Improving IV Insulin Administration in a Community Hospital
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Human-in-the-Loop Insulin Dosing.

B Wayne Bequette1

  • 1Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY, USA.

Journal of Diabetes Science and Technology
|December 6, 2019
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Automated insulin delivery (AID) systems require user interface design focus beyond algorithms. Human oversight remains critical for safe and effective artificial pancreas technology, even with advanced engineering.

Keywords:
artificial pancreasfault detectionmodel predictive controlredundancysafetytype 1 diabetes

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Area of Science:

  • Biomedical Engineering
  • Human-Computer Interaction
  • Diabetes Technology

Background:

  • Significant progress in automated insulin delivery (AID) systems, with one hybrid closed-loop device available and others in development.
  • Current research predominantly emphasizes algorithms, fault detection, and safety protocols for AID systems.
  • Limited attention in open literature regarding user interface (UI) design and its impact on AID system usability.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To offer perspectives on automated insulin delivery system design by analyzing user interface elements.
  • To highlight potential challenges in AID system design by drawing parallels with other complex systems.
  • To discuss the role of systems engineering in the DIY artificial pancreas community.

Main Methods:

  • Analysis of user interface design in commonly used devices (e.g., bicycles, car entertainment systems) for comparative insights.
  • Case study approach using the Boeing 737 Max 8 incidents to illustrate critical design and safety considerations.
  • Exploration of systems engineering principles applied to do-it-yourself (DIY) artificial pancreas initiatives.

Main Results:

  • User interface design is a crucial, yet under-discussed, aspect of automated insulin delivery system development.
  • Lessons from other complex systems, including aviation, underscore the importance of human factors and intuitive design in AID.
  • Systems engineering can contribute significantly to the advancement and safety of DIY artificial pancreas projects.

Conclusions:

  • The human-in-the-loop remains the most vital component of any automated insulin delivery system, emphasizing the need for user-centered design.
  • A holistic approach to AID system design, integrating algorithmic sophistication with intuitive user interfaces, is essential for widespread adoption and safety.
  • Further research and open discussion on UI/UX are necessary to optimize the performance and user experience of next-generation diabetes management technologies.