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Related Concept Videos

Characteristics and Nomenclature of Copolymers01:24

Characteristics and Nomenclature of Copolymers

3.1K
Copolymers are the products obtained from the polymerization of multiple monomer species. So, in a polymer chain itself, there can be multiple repeating units that come from different monomers. The process of synthesizing a polymer from different monomer species is called copolymerization. When two monomers are involved, the polymer is known as a bipolymer. Polymers with three and four monomers are termed terpolymers and quaterpolymers, respectively. Figure 1 depicts the copolymerization of...
3.1K
Polymer Classification: Crystallinity01:21

Polymer Classification: Crystallinity

3.7K
Unlike ionic or small covalent molecules, polymers do not form crystalline solids due to the diffusion limitations of their long-chain structures. However, polymers contain microscopic crystalline domains separated by amorphous domains.
Crystalline domains are the regions where polymer chains are aligned in an orderly manner and held together in proximity by intermolecular forces. For example, chains in the crystalline domains of polyethylene and nylon are bound together by van der Waals...
3.7K
Polymer Classification: Architecture01:14

Polymer Classification: Architecture

3.6K
Polymers are classified as linear or branched on the basis of their chain architecture. The polymer chains in linear polymers have a long chain-like structure with minimal to no branching at all. Even if a polymer features large substituent groups on the monomer, which appear as branches to the skeleton, it is not considered a branched polymer. A branched polymer contains secondary polymer chains that arise from the main polymer chain. The branching occurs when the polymer growth shifts from...
3.6K
Cationic Chain-Growth Polymerization: Mechanism00:57

Cationic Chain-Growth Polymerization: Mechanism

2.7K
The cationic polymerization mechanism consists of three steps: initiation, propagation, and termination. In the initiation step of the polymerization process, the π bond of a monomer gets protonated by the Lewis acid catalyst, which is formed from boron trifluoride and water. The protonation of the π bond generates a carbocation stabilized by the electron‐donating group. In the propagation step, the π bond of the second monomer acts as a nucleophile and attacks the...
2.7K
Molecular Weight of Step-Growth Polymers01:08

Molecular Weight of Step-Growth Polymers

2.7K
Step growth polymerization involves bi or multifunctional monomers. Bifunctional monomers react to form linear step growth polymers, whereas multifunctional monomers react to form non-linear or branched polymers.
As the step-growth polymerization involves step-wise condensation of monomers, the molecular weight also builds up eventually. Consequently, high molecular weight polymers are obtained at the late stages of the polymerization, where 99% of monomers have been consumed.
The extent of the...
2.7K
Step-Growth Polymerization: Overview01:03

Step-Growth Polymerization: Overview

4.2K
Step-growth or condensation polymerization is a stepwise reaction of bi or multifunctional monomers to form long-chain polymers. As all the monomers are reactive, most of the monomers are consumed at the early stages of the reaction to form small chains of reactive oligomers, which then combine to form long polymer chains in the late stages. Hence, the reaction has to proceed for a long time to achieve high molecular weight polymers.
Many natural and synthetic polymers are produced by...
4.2K

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Crystallization of Random Copolymers.

Journal of research of the National Bureau of Standards. Section A, Physics and chemistry·2020
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Inclusion of Perfluoromethyl Groups in the Crystals of Copolymers of Tetrafluoroethylene and Hexafluoropropylene.

Journal of research of the National Bureau of Standards. Section A, Physics and chemistry·2020
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Effect of Low Pressures on the Room Temperature Transitions of Polytetrafluoroethylene.

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 2, 2026

Self-assembling Morphologies Obtained from Helical Polycarbodiimide Copolymers and Their Triazole Derivatives
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Self-assembling Morphologies Obtained from Helical Polycarbodiimide Copolymers and Their Triazole Derivatives

Published on: February 7, 2017

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A Copolymer With Lamellar Morphology.

R K Eby

    Journal of Research of the National Bureau of Standards. Section A, Physics and Chemistry
    |December 14, 2019
    PubMed
    Summary

    Copolymers of tetrafluorocthylene and hexafluoropropylene exhibit extensive lamellar structures, with perfluoromethyl groups acting as point defects within these broad, micron-scale lamellae.

    Area of Science:

    • Materials Science
    • Polymer Science
    • Solid-State Chemistry

    Background:

    • Understanding the morphology of fluoropolymers is crucial for predicting their physical and chemical properties.
    • Tetrafluorocthylene and hexafluoropropylene copolymers are widely used in various industrial applications.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To elucidate the nanostructure and morphology of tetrafluorocthylene and hexafluoropropylene copolymers.
    • To investigate the distribution and role of perfluoromethyl groups within the copolymer structure.

    Main Methods:

    • Electron microscopy was employed to visualize the copolymer morphology at high resolution.
    • Wide-angle X-ray diffraction (WAXD) and small-angle X-ray diffraction (SAXD) were utilized to analyze the crystalline and lamellar structures.

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    Synthesis of Monodisperse Cylindrical Nanoparticles via Crystallization-driven Self-assembly of Biodegradable Block Copolymers
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    Gyroid Nickel Nanostructures from Diblock Copolymer Supramolecules
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    Gyroid Nickel Nanostructures from Diblock Copolymer Supramolecules

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    Self-assembling Morphologies Obtained from Helical Polycarbodiimide Copolymers and Their Triazole Derivatives
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    Synthesis of Monodisperse Cylindrical Nanoparticles via Crystallization-driven Self-assembly of Biodegradable Block Copolymers
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    Gyroid Nickel Nanostructures from Diblock Copolymer Supramolecules
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    Main Results:

    • The study revealed that these copolymers possess a distinct lamellar morphology.
    • The lamellar structures were observed to be extensive, with individual lamellae reaching several microns in width.
    • Perfluoromethyl groups were identified as point defects integrated within the lamellar structure.

    Conclusions:

    • The findings confirm a well-developed lamellar structure in tetrafluorocthylene and hexafluoropropylene copolymers.
    • The incorporation of perfluoromethyl groups as point defects influences the overall lamellar organization and properties.
    • This detailed morphological understanding is vital for tailoring copolymer performance in advanced applications.