Risk factors of bone mineral metabolic disorders

Area of Science:

• Neonatology
• Pediatric Endocrinology
• Bone Biology

Background:

• Bone remodeling is a dynamic process influenced by mechanical, nutritional, hormonal, and molecular factors.
• Bone health in newborns relies on maintaining a balance among these diverse stimuli.
• Metabolic bone disease of prematurity is a common neonatal pathology due to insufficient mineral accretion during late gestation.

Purpose of the Study:

• To review and identify the multifaceted risk factors contributing to the development of bone metabolic disorders in neonates.
• To consolidate current knowledge on primary and secondary osteoporosis in term and preterm infants.
• To highlight the interplay of various intrinsic and extrinsic factors affecting neonatal bone health.

Main Methods:

• Comprehensive literature review of studies on neonatal bone metabolism and pathology.
• Analysis of factors including genetic, nutritional, hormonal, mechanical, and chronic disease influences.
• Synthesis of information regarding risk factors for osteopenia and osteoporosis in neonates.

Main Results:

• Identified prematurity as a key factor due to reduced mineral accretion.
• Detailed intrinsic bone tissue defects (primary osteoporosis) of genetic or idiopathic origin.
• Cataloged secondary osteoporosis risk factors: maternal/gestational issues, nutritional deficiencies (calcium, phosphorus, vitamin D), endocrine disorders, medications, mechanical influences, and chronic illnesses.

Conclusions:

• Neonatal bone metabolic disorders result from a complex interplay of genetic predispositions and environmental factors.
• Prematurity, nutritional deficits, and underlying chronic conditions significantly elevate the risk of osteopenia and osteoporosis in newborns.
• Understanding these diverse risk factors is crucial for timely diagnosis and effective management of bone health in neonates.