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Salt particles that have dissolved in water never spontaneously come back together in solution to reform solid particles. Moreover, a gas that has expanded in a vacuum remains dispersed and never spontaneously reassembles. The unidirectional nature of these phenomena is the result of a thermodynamic state function called entropy (S). Entropy is the measure of the extent to which the energy is dispersed throughout a system, or in other words, it is proportional to the degree of disorder of a...
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An Analog Macroscopic Technique for Studying Molecular Hydrodynamic Processes in Dense Gases and Liquids
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Stochastic thermodynamics for self-propelled particles.

Grzegorz Szamel1

  • 1Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523, USA.

Physical Review. E
|December 25, 2019
PubMed
Summary

We developed a new thermodynamic framework for active particles. This approach analyzes joint particle and self-propulsion trajectories, enabling entropy production analysis and fluctuation theorems for active systems.

Area of Science:

  • Thermodynamics
  • Statistical Mechanics
  • Soft Matter Physics

Background:

  • Standard stochastic thermodynamics applies to passive systems in thermal equilibrium.
  • Active particles exhibit self-propulsion, deviating from equilibrium conditions.
  • Understanding energy dissipation in active matter is crucial for its applications.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To generalize stochastic thermodynamics to systems of active particles.
  • To analyze entropy production and its components in active systems.
  • To investigate fluctuation theorems and thermodynamic relations for active matter.

Main Methods:

  • Considering joint trajectories of particle positions and self-propulsions.
  • Exploiting formal similarities between active systems and coupled subsystems.

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  • Decomposing total entropy production into housekeeping and excess parts.

    • Main Results:

    • Developed a thermodynamic description analogous to standard stochastic thermodynamics.
    • Demonstrated that total and housekeeping entropy production satisfy fluctuation theorems.
    • Established generalized Clausius and Hatano-Sasa-like relations for excess entropy production.

    Conclusions:

    • The proposed framework successfully extends stochastic thermodynamics to active particle systems.
    • Non-trivial correlations between particle position and self-propulsion lead to excess dissipation.
    • The study provides new tools for analyzing non-equilibrium thermodynamics in active matter.