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Related Concept Videos

Mechanisms of Membrane-bending01:15

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The living membranes are flexible due to their fluid mosaic nature; however, their bending into different shapes is an active process regulated by specific lipids and proteins. The membrane bending can be transient as seen in vesicles or stable for a long time as in microvilli. Cells regulate the size, location, and duration of the membrane curvature.
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Enzymes like flippase, floppase, and scramblase transfer phospholipids from one layer to another in the membrane, thereby affecting membrane asymmetry.
Flippase
Eukaryotic flippases are type-IV P-type ATPases or P4-ATPases belonging to P-type ATPase family proteins that are membrane-bound pumps involved in the ATP-mediated transport of ions and molecules across the membrane. Flippases flip specific phospholipids from the outer to the inner leaflet of a membrane. All P4-ATPases have one...
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Nuclear encoded mitochondrial precursors are imported to the inner membrane in a multistep process involving two separate translocons, TIM22 and TIM23. TIM23 is a cation-selective pore that remains closed by the N terminal segment of the protein. Negative charges on the TIM23 act as a receptor for the incoming precursor, pulling the positively charged matrix-targeting sequence for peptide insertion and translocation.
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The rough ER membrane synthesizes, assembles, and embeds transmembrane proteins in diverse topologies. These proteins function as transporters or channels and can remain in the ER membrane or are sent to the Golgi complex, lysosome, and cell membrane.
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The translocon complex situated on the ER membrane is the main gateway for the protein secretory pathway. It facilitates the transport of nascent peptides into the ER lumen and their insertion into the ER membrane.
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Mechanical Protein Functions01:58

Mechanical Protein Functions

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Proteins perform many mechanical functions in a cell. These proteins can be classified into two general categories- proteins that generate mechanical forces and proteins that are subjected to mechanical forces. Proteins providing mechanical support to the structure of the cell, such as keratin, are subjected to mechanical force, whereas proteins involved in cell movement and transport of molecules across cell membranes, such as an ion pump, are examples of generating mechanical force. 
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Related Experiment Video

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Membrane Remodeling of Giant Vesicles in Response to Localized Calcium Ion Gradients
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Mechanical Deformation Mediated Transmembrane Transport.

Zunzhen Ming1, Yan Pang2, Jinyao Liu1

  • 1Institute of Molecular Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Shanghai Institute of Cancer, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200127, China.

Macromolecular Rapid Communications
|December 31, 2019
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Researchers developed a new method to control molecule transport across cell membranes by mechanically deforming liposomal bilayers within a hydrogel. This allows for on-demand switching and tuning of transmembrane diffusion, with potential applications in regulating cell growth.

Keywords:
controlled releasehydrogelsliposomesmechanical deformationtransmembrane transport

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Area of Science:

  • Biomaterials Science
  • Cell Biology
  • Chemical Engineering

Background:

  • Transmembrane transport is crucial for cell survival, enabling essential molecule exchange.
  • Existing artificial transport methods face challenges in dynamic control and complex fabrication.
  • Mimicking natural transport mechanisms is key for advanced biosensors and drug delivery systems.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To introduce a novel, simple method for dynamically regulating transmembrane transport.
  • To demonstrate control over molecular diffusion by manipulating mechanical properties.
  • To explore the potential of this technique in programmably influencing cell growth.

Main Methods:

  • Embedding liposomal bilayers within a crosslinked hydrogel network.
  • Applying mechanical deformation (stretching and loosening) to the hydrogel to alter bilayer structure.
  • Monitoring and quantifying transmembrane diffusion rates under varying mechanical strain.

Main Results:

  • Mechanical deformation of liposomal bilayers effectively controlled transmembrane transport.
  • Transmembrane diffusion could be switched 'on' and 'off' and precisely tuned by strain.
  • External mechanical force was shown to programmably regulate cell growth.

Conclusions:

  • This approach offers a new paradigm for dynamic control of transmembrane transport.
  • The method bypasses complex chemical fabrication, relying on simple mechanical adjustments.
  • Potential applications include advanced drug delivery, biosensing, and regenerative medicine.