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Related Concept Videos

Ferromagnetism01:31

Ferromagnetism

2.9K
Materials like iron, nickel, and cobalt consist of magnetic domains, within which the magnetic dipoles are arranged parallel to each other. The magnetic dipoles are rigidly aligned in the same direction within a domain by quantum mechanical coupling among the atoms. This coupling is so strong that even thermal agitation at room temperature cannot break it. The result is that each domain has a net dipole moment. However, some materials have weaker coupling, and are ferromagnetic at lower...
2.9K
Valence Bond Theory02:42

Valence Bond Theory

10.9K
Coordination compounds and complexes exhibit different colors, geometries, and magnetic behavior, depending on the metal atom/ion and ligands from which they are composed. In an attempt to explain the bonding and structure of coordination complexes, Linus Pauling proposed the valence bond theory, or VBT, using the concepts of hybridization and the overlapping of the atomic orbitals. According to VBT, the central metal atom or ion (Lewis acid) hybridizes to provide empty orbitals of suitable...
10.9K
Transformation of Plane Strain01:12

Transformation of Plane Strain

450
When analyzing elongated structures like bars subjected to uniformly distributed loads, it is essential to understand the transformation of plane strain when coordinate axes are rotated. This transformation helps to assess how material deformation characteristics vary with orientation, which is crucial in materials science and structural engineering.
Under plane strain conditions, typical for members where one dimension significantly exceeds the others, deformations and resultant strains are...
450
Three-Dimensional Analysis of Strain01:29

Three-Dimensional Analysis of Strain

542
Three-dimensional strain analysis is crucial for understanding how materials deform under stress, particularly in elastic, homogeneous materials. This method employs principal stress axes to simplify complex stress states into more understandable forms. Subjected to stress, a small cubic element within a material either expands or contracts along these axes, transforming into a rectangular parallelepiped. This transformation effectively illustrates the material's deformation. The principal...
542
Temperature Dependent Deformation01:12

Temperature Dependent Deformation

334
In a nonhomogeneous rod made up of steel and brass, restrained at both ends and subjected to a temperature change, several steps are involved in calculating the stress and compressive load. Due to the problem's static indeterminacy, one end support is disconnected, allowing the rod to experience the temperature change freely. Next, an unknown force is applied at the free end, triggering deformations in the rod's steel and brass portions. These deformations are then calculated and added...
334
Crystal Field Theory - Tetrahedral and Square Planar Complexes02:46

Crystal Field Theory - Tetrahedral and Square Planar Complexes

47.7K
Tetrahedral Complexes
Crystal field theory (CFT) is applicable to molecules in geometries other than octahedral. In octahedral complexes, the lobes of the dx2−y2 and dz2 orbitals point directly at the ligands. For tetrahedral complexes, the d orbitals remain in place, but with only four ligands located between the axes. None of the orbitals points directly at the tetrahedral ligands. However, the dx2−y2 and dz2 orbitals (along the Cartesian axes) overlap with the ligands less than the dxy,...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Dec 31, 2025

Chemical Synthesis of Porous Barium Titanate Thin Film and Thermal Stabilization of Ferroelectric Phase by Porosity-Induced Strain
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Controllable Ferromagnetism in Super-tetragonal PbTiO3 through Strain Engineering.

Linxing Zhang1, Dongxing Zheng2, Longlong Fan3

  • 1Institute for Advanced Materials and Technology , University of Science and Technology Beijing , Beijing 100083 , China.

Nano Letters
|December 31, 2019
PubMed
Summary

Strain engineering in lead titanate (PbTiO3) nanocomposites induces ferromagnetism in non-magnetic ferroelectric materials. This discovery enables control over multiferroic properties for advanced data storage applications.

Keywords:
FerromagnetismPbTiO3Strain engineeringStrain gradientSuper-tetragonal

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Applying Dynamic Strain on Thin Oxide Films Immobilized on a Pseudoelastic Nickel-Titanium Alloy
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Area of Science:

  • Materials Science
  • Condensed Matter Physics
  • Nanotechnology

Background:

  • Coupling strain in nanoscale systems offers control over functional material properties like ferromagnetism and ferroelectricity.
  • Lead titanate (PbTiO3) is a well-known ferroelectric material with potential for multiferroic applications.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To directly demonstrate the atomic-scale structure of super-tetragonal PbTiO3 nanocomposite epitaxial thin films.
  • To investigate the coupling of strain transition and the role of oxygen vacancies in inducing ferromagnetic properties.
  • To explore strain engineering as a method for creating multiferroic systems and data storage devices.

Main Methods:

  • Direct atomic-scale structural characterization of PbTiO3 nanocomposite epitaxial thin films.
  • Analysis of large strain gradients (longitudinal and transverse, ~3 × 10^7 m^-1).
  • Investigation of the relationship between Ti3+ and oxygen vacancies and induced ferromagnetic properties.

Main Results:

  • Observed extraordinary coupling of strain transition and the presence of oxygen vacancies in super-tetragonal PbTiO3.
  • Demonstrated that non-magnetic ferroelectric composites exhibit ferromagnetic properties due to Ti3+ and oxygen vacancies.
  • Achieved a tunable saturation ferromagnetic moment (~55 emu/cc) controlled by interphase and substrate strain in 10-nm films on LaAlO3.

Conclusions:

  • Strain engineering can induce ferromagnetism in conventional non-magnetic ferroelectric oxides.
  • The combination of Ti3+ and oxygen vacancies is crucial for achieving ferromagnetic properties.
  • This research opens avenues for developing novel multiferroic systems and functional data storage devices.