Porous titanium fiber mesh with tailored elasticity and its effect on stromal cells

Porous titanium fiber mesh (TFM) is considered a suitable scaffold material for bone reconstruction. Also, TFM can be used to cover the surface of bone-anchored devices, that is, orthopedic or dental implants. The titanium fiber size has an effect of the stiffness as well as porosity of the titanium mesh, which can influence the behavior of bone forming cells. Therefore, the aim of this study was to vary TFM composition, in order to achieve different stiffness, and to assess the effects of such variation on the behavior of bone marrow-derived stromal cells (BMSCs). With that purpose, nine types of TFM (porosities 60-87%; fiber size 22-50 μm), were examined for their mechanical properties as well as their effect on the proliferation and differentiation of rat bone marrow-derived stromal cells (rBMSCs) up to 21 days. Dynamic mechanical analysis revealed that the stiffness of TFM were lower than of solid titanium and decreased with larger fiber sizes. The stiffness could effectively be tailored by altering fiber properties, which altered the pore simultaneously. For the 22 and 35 μm size fiber meshes with the highest porosity, the stiffness closely matched the value found in literature for cortical bone. Finally, all tested TFM types supported the growth and differentiation of rBMSCs. We concluded that TFM material has been proven cytocompatible. Further preclinical studies are needed to assess which TFM type is most suitable as clinical use for bone ingrowth and bone regeneration.