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Related Concept Videos

Valence Bond Theory02:42

Valence Bond Theory

10.9K
Coordination compounds and complexes exhibit different colors, geometries, and magnetic behavior, depending on the metal atom/ion and ligands from which they are composed. In an attempt to explain the bonding and structure of coordination complexes, Linus Pauling proposed the valence bond theory, or VBT, using the concepts of hybridization and the overlapping of the atomic orbitals. According to VBT, the central metal atom or ion (Lewis acid) hybridizes to provide empty orbitals of suitable...
10.9K
Spin–Spin Coupling Constant: Overview01:08

Spin–Spin Coupling Constant: Overview

1.4K
In bromoethane, the three methyl protons are coupled to the two methylene protons that are three bonds away. In accordance with the n+1 rule, the signal from the methyl protons is split into three peaks with 1:2:1 relative intensities. The methylene protons appear as a quartet, with the relative intensities of 1:3:3:1.
Qualitatively, any spin plus-half nucleus polarizes the spins of its electrons to the minus-half state. Consequently, the paired electron in the hydrogen–carbon bond must...
1.4K
Spin–Spin Coupling: Two-Bond Coupling (Geminal Coupling)01:20

Spin–Spin Coupling: Two-Bond Coupling (Geminal Coupling)

1.5K
Two NMR-active nuclei bonded to a central atom can be involved in geminal or two-bond coupling. Geminal coupling is commonly seen between diastereotopic protons in chiral molecules and unsymmetrical alkenes, among others.
The central atom need not be NMR-active because its electrons are affected by the electron polarization of the spin-active atoms. However, spin information is transmitted less effectively than in one-bond coupling, and 2J values are usually weaker than 1J values. The energy of...
1.5K
Spin–Spin Coupling: One-Bond Coupling01:17

Spin–Spin Coupling: One-Bond Coupling

1.4K
Coupling interactions are strongest between NMR-active nuclei bonded to each other, where spin information can be transmitted directly through the pair of bonding electrons. While nuclei polarize their electrons to the opposite spins, the bonding electron pair has opposite spins. Configurations with antiparallel nuclear spins are expected to be lower in energy. When coupling makes antiparallel states more favorable, J is considered to have a positive value. The one-bond coupling constant, 1J,...
1.4K
Spin–Spin Coupling: Three-Bond Coupling (Vicinal Coupling)01:22

Spin–Spin Coupling: Three-Bond Coupling (Vicinal Coupling)

1.4K
Vicinal or three-bond coupling is commonly observed between protons attached to adjacent carbons. Here, nuclear spin information is primarily transferred via electron spin interactions between adjacent C‑H bond orbitals. This generally favors the antiparallel arrangement of spins, so 3J values are usually positive.
The extent of coupling depends on the C‑C bond length, the two H‑C‑C angles, any electron-withdrawing substituents, and the dihedral angle between the involved orbitals. The...
1.4K
Colors and Magnetism03:02

Colors and Magnetism

13.7K
Color in Coordination Complexes
When atoms or molecules absorb light at the proper frequency, their electrons are excited to higher-energy orbitals. For many main group atoms and molecules, the absorbed photons are in the ultraviolet range of the electromagnetic spectrum, which cannot be detected by the human eye. For coordination compounds, the energy difference between the d orbitals often allows photons in the visible range to be absorbed and emitted, which is seen as colors by the human...
13.7K

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Dec 30, 2025

Experimental Methods for Spin- and Angle-Resolved Photoemission Spectroscopy Combined with Polarization-Variable Laser
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Experimental Methods for Spin- and Angle-Resolved Photoemission Spectroscopy Combined with Polarization-Variable Laser

Published on: June 28, 2018

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Efficient Spin-Orbit Torque Switching with Nonepitaxial Chalcogenide Heterostructures.

Tian-Yue Chen1, Cheng-Wei Peng1, Tsung-Yu Tsai1

  • 1Department of Materials Science and Engineering , National Taiwan University , Taipei 10617 , Taiwan.

ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces
|January 25, 2020
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Nonepitaxial bismuth telluride/ferromagnet heterostructures show high spin-orbit torque (SOT) efficiencies without topological surface states. These materials are promising for next-generation spintronics devices like magnetic memory.

Keywords:
chalcogenidesspin-Hall effectspintronicsspin−orbit torquetopological insulator

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Visualizing Uniaxial-strain Manipulation of Antiferromagnetic Domains in Fe1+YTe Using a Spin-polarized Scanning Tunneling Microscope
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Electron Channeling Contrast Imaging for Rapid III-V Heteroepitaxial Characterization
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Experimental Methods for Spin- and Angle-Resolved Photoemission Spectroscopy Combined with Polarization-Variable Laser
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Visualizing Uniaxial-strain Manipulation of Antiferromagnetic Domains in Fe1+YTe Using a Spin-polarized Scanning Tunneling Microscope
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Electron Channeling Contrast Imaging for Rapid III-V Heteroepitaxial Characterization
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Electron Channeling Contrast Imaging for Rapid III-V Heteroepitaxial Characterization

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Area of Science:

  • Condensed Matter Physics
  • Materials Science
  • Spintronics

Background:

  • Topological insulators (TIs) offer high spin-orbit torque (SOT) efficiencies for spintronics.
  • Epitaxial growth of TI chalcogenides is typically required for their topological surface states (TSS).
  • Epitaxy presents industrial limitations for TI-based spintronics.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate SOT efficiencies in nonepitaxial bismuth telluride/ferromagnet heterostructures.
  • To assess the potential of non-epitaxial materials for spintronics applications.
  • To demonstrate SOT switching in these materials.

Main Methods:

  • Fabrication of nonepitaxial Bi₂Te₁₋ₓ/ferromagnet heterostructures via magnetron sputtering.
  • Harmonic voltage measurements to quantify SOT efficiency.
  • Hysteresis loop shift measurements.
  • Demonstration of current-induced SOT switching.

Main Results:

  • Giant SOT efficiencies exceeding 100% were achieved in nonepitaxial heterostructures at room temperature.
  • High efficiencies were attributed to bulk spin-orbit interactions, not TSS.
  • Successful current-induced SOT switching was demonstrated with thermally stable ferromagnets.

Conclusions:

  • Nonepitaxial chalcogenides can serve as efficient SOT sources without relying on TSS.
  • Magnetron sputtered Bi₂Te₁₋ₓ-based heterostructures are viable for industrial spintronics.
  • These materials hold potential for future SOT magnetic memory devices.