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Related Concept Videos

Precipitation Processes01:12

Precipitation Processes

4.5K
The experimental conditions in a gravimetric analysis should be optimized to maximize the particle size and purity of the obtained precipitate. Ideally, the concentration of the precipitating reagent should be low with effective stirring to maintain low relative supersaturation for the growth of large crystals. In homogeneous precipitation, the precipitant is slowly generated by a chemical reaction in the solution to avoid local reagent excesses. For example, urea decomposes gradually to...
4.5K
Types of Coprecipitation01:10

Types of Coprecipitation

4.7K
Coprecipitation is the contamination of a precipitate by otherwise soluble species and occurs via different processes. In colloidal precipitates, coprecipitation occurs via surface adsorption. For instance, barium sulfate has a primary layer of adsorbed barium ions and a secondary layer of nitrate counterions. This results in contamination of the precipitate by barium nitrate.
Sometimes, ions in a crystal lattice can undergo isomorphous replacement by inclusions of similar charge and size. For...
4.7K
Precipitation and Co-precipitation01:17

Precipitation and Co-precipitation

4.0K
Precipitation and coprecipitation methods can be used to separate a mixture of ions in a solution. In qualitative inorganic analysis, ions that form sparingly soluble precipitates with the same reagent are separated based on the differences in solubility products. For example, consider the separation of Cu(II) and Fe(II) ions by precipitation as insoluble sulfides. First, copper(II) sulfide is precipitated by the addition of acidic H2S, where the dissociation of H2S is suppressed. Adding H2S...
4.0K
Washing, Drying, and Ignition of Precipitates00:52

Washing, Drying, and Ignition of Precipitates

4.9K
After filtration, the precipitate is washed to remove coprecipitated impurities and any remaining mother liquor. Colloidal precipitates, such as silver chloride, are washed with an electrolyte (such as dilute nitric acid) to prevent the peptization of the precipitate. In the case of slightly soluble precipitates, the wash solution contains a common ion to reduce solubility. Lead sulfate, which is slightly soluble in water, is washed with dilute sulfuric acid. Similarly, wash solutions may be...
4.9K
Precipitate Formation and Particle Size Control01:16

Precipitate Formation and Particle Size Control

4.9K
In precipitation gravimetry, the precipitating agent should react specifically or selectively with the analyte. While a specific reagent reacts with the analyte alone, a selective reagent can react with a limited number of chemical species.
The obtained precipitate should be either a pure substance of known composition or easily converted to one by a simple process, such as ignition or drying. In addition, the precipitate should be insoluble and easily filterable. In general, filterability...
4.9K
Precipitation of Ions03:11

Precipitation of Ions

29.7K
Predicting Precipitation
The equation that describes the equilibrium between solid calcium carbonate and its solvated ions is:
29.7K

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Updated: Dec 29, 2025

Computation of Atmospheric Concentrations of Molecular Clusters from ab initio Thermochemistry
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Observing Convective Aggregation.

Christopher E Holloway1, Allison A Wing2,3, Sandrine Bony4

  • 11Department of Meteorology, University of Reading, Reading, RG6 6BB UK.

Surveys in Geophysics
|January 31, 2020
PubMed
Summary

Convective self-aggregation, the spontaneous organization of convection, is increasingly studied. This review highlights observational data

Keywords:
Climate sensitivityCloud feedbackConvective organizationSelf-aggregationTropical convection

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Area of Science:

  • Atmospheric Science
  • Climate Modeling
  • Tropical Meteorology

Background:

  • Convective self-aggregation, the spontaneous organization of convection, is primarily studied in numerical simulations.
  • Observational studies on convective clustering exist but few specifically analyze self-aggregation processes.
  • Bridging the gap between model simulations and real-world observations of convective organization is crucial.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review existing observational work related to convective self-aggregation.
  • To identify the need for more observational studies in this area.
  • To compare model simulations of self-aggregation with observational data and discuss implications for climate change.

Main Methods:

  • Review of existing literature on observational studies of convective clustering and organization.
  • Comparison of idealized numerical simulations of convective self-aggregation with observational data (e.g., radiosonde records from Nauru).
  • Analysis of model discrepancies and their implications for understanding organized convection and climate change.

Main Results:

  • A self-aggregation simulation with square geometry showed unrealistic humidity distribution compared to Nauru radiosonde data.
  • An elongated channel simulation demonstrated more realistic atmospheric humidity and variability.
  • Model-observation comparisons are providing insights into tropical phenomena and highlighting discrepancies.

Conclusions:

  • Despite differences in timescales and conditions, model simulations of self-aggregation offer valuable insights into observed tropical convection.
  • Observational comparisons are essential for refining climate models and understanding the interaction between organized convection and climate change.
  • Future research should include novel satellite and ground-based observational networks to further investigate convective aggregation.