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Related Concept Videos

Symbiosis00:58

Symbiosis

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Symbiotic relationships are long-term, close interactions between individuals of different species that affect the distribution and abundance of those species. When a relationship is beneficial to both species, this is called mutualism. When the relationship is beneficial to one species but neither beneficial nor harmful to the other species, this is called commensalism. When one organism is harmed to benefit another, the relationship is known as parasitism. These types of relationships often...
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Phenotypic Analysis of Rodent Malaria Parasite Asexual and Sexual Blood Stages and Mosquito Stages
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Experimental Malaria Infection Affects Songbirds' Nocturnal Migratory Activity.

T R Kelly, B D Rubin, S A MacDougall-Shackleton

    Physiological and Biochemical Zoology : PBZ
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    Summary

    Migratory birds may alter their migratory behavior when exposed to parasites, even if they resist infection. This study on white-throated sparrows suggests parasite exposure impacts migratory restlessness.

    Keywords:
    PlasmodiumZugunruhebody conditiondisease ecologymigrationparasiteresistancewhite-throated sparrow

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    Area of Science:

    • Ecology
    • Animal Behavior
    • Parasitology

    Background:

    • Migratory animals can transport infectious diseases across ecosystems.
    • Understanding how diseases affect migratory behavior is crucial for disease ecology.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To investigate the impact of avian malaria (Plasmodium sp.) infection on the migratory physiology and behavior of white-throated sparrows (Zonotrichia albicollis).
    • To determine if parasite exposure, infection, or resistance influences migratory restlessness and body condition.

    Main Methods:

    • White-throated sparrows were experimentally inoculated with avian malaria parasites.
    • Parasite loads, migratory restlessness (Zugunruhe), body composition, and hematocrit were monitored over 5 weeks.
    • Comparisons were made between infected, sham-inoculated (control), and parasite-exposed but infection-resisting birds.

    Main Results:

    • Migratory restlessness increased over the study period, with varying rates of change among the experimental groups.
    • No significant effects of malaria exposure were detected on the body condition (fat, lean, whole-body mass) of the sparrows.
    • Parasite exposure influenced migratory activity irrespective of infection status.

    Conclusions:

    • Encountering parasites can alter migratory activity in birds, independent of developing a full infection.
    • This finding has implications for understanding disease transmission dynamics during animal migration.