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Bones of the Lower Limb: Femur and Patella

Bones of the Lower Limb: Femur and Patella

The femur is the body's longest and strongest bone spanning the thigh region. Its head articulates with the acetabulum of the hip bone to form the hip joint. A minor indentation on the medial side of the femoral head, called the fovea capitis, serves as the site of attachment for the ligament of the head of the femur. This weak ligament spans the femur and acetabulum and supports the hip joint. The narrowed region below the head is the neck of the femur. The inclination angle between the...

Knee Joint

Knee Joint

The knee joint is the most complicated joint in the body. It consists of three articulations– two tibiofemoral and one patellofemoral. As is characteristic of synovial joints, the knee joint has a thin articular capsule that partially surrounds this joint cavity. Additionally, several ligaments, muscles, and cartilaginous structures support the movement of the knee.
A total of seven ligaments support the knee joint. The patellar ligament, which is also attached to the quadriceps femoris...

Ankle Joint

Ankle Joint

The ankle is formed by the talocrural joint (crural = leg). It consists of the articulations between the talus bone of the foot and the distal ends of the tibia and fibula of the leg. The superior aspect of the talus bone is square-shaped and has three areas of articulation. The top of the talus articulates with the inferior tibia. This is the portion of the ankle joint that carries the body weight between the leg and foot. The sides of the talus are firmly held in position by the articulations...

Muscles that Move the Leg

Muscles that Move the Leg

The movement of the legs is facilitated by numerous muscles located within the anterior, medial, and posterior compartments of the thigh.
Anterior Compartment
The quadriceps femoris, the most visible muscle of the anterior compartment, is integral for leg extension and thigh flexion. It is formed by merging four distinct muscles — the vastus lateralis, vastus medialis, vastus intermedius, and rectus femoris. The quadriceps tendon, a shared tendon of the four quadriceps muscles, is affixed...

Muscles that Move the Thigh

Muscles that Move the Thigh

The thigh's motion is primarily governed by muscles originating in the pelvic girdle and inserted into the femur. One crucial muscle, the iliopsoas, is a combination of the psoas major and the iliacus muscles, sharing a common insertion point on the lesser trochanter of the femur.
Three other significant muscles are the gluteus maximus, gluteus medius, and gluteus minimus. The gluteus maximus originates from the posterior surface of the ilium, sacrum, and coccyx, and the thoracolumbar...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Dec 29, 2025

An Inertial Measurement Unit Based Method to Estimate Hip and Knee Joint Kinematics in Team Sport Athletes on the Field

An Inertial Measurement Unit Based Method to Estimate Hip and Knee Joint Kinematics in Team Sport Athletes on the Field

Published on: May 26, 2020

Hip and Knee Injuries.

Stephen M Carek¹

¹Department of Family Medicine, University of South Carolina, School of Medicine-Greenville, Center for Family Medicine - Greenville, 877 West Faris Road, Greenville, SC 29605, USA..

|February 5, 2020

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

Primary care providers can diagnose common hip and knee injuries by reviewing physical exam maneuvers, imaging, and treatments. This guide aids in identifying the causes of pain in active patients.

Keywords:

Hip injuries Knee injuries Osteoarthritis Sports injuries

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Last Updated: Dec 29, 2025

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Area of Science:

Orthopedics
Sports Medicine
Primary Care Medicine

Background:

Hip and knee injuries are frequent reasons for primary care visits.
Diagnosing the cause of hip and knee pain can be challenging for clinicians.
A broad differential diagnosis must be considered for these common complaints.

Purpose of the Study:

To review common causes of hip and knee pain in active individuals.
To provide an evidence-based guide for primary care providers.
To assist in the diagnosis and management of hip and knee pathologies.

Main Methods:

Literature review of physical examination techniques.
Analysis of diagnostic imaging studies for hip and knee conditions.
Evidence-based review of treatment modalities for common injuries.

Main Results:

Common etiologies for hip and knee pain are identified.
Physical examination findings suggestive of specific injuries are discussed.
Appropriate imaging and treatment options are outlined based on current evidence.

Conclusions:

Accurate diagnosis of hip and knee pain is achievable in primary care settings.
A systematic approach utilizing physical exam, imaging, and evidence-based treatments is recommended.
This review serves as a resource for primary care providers managing active patients with hip and knee pain.